Celtic and English in contact

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Suggestions for sources of key features of Irish English	Suggestions for sources of key features of Irish English

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Celtic and English in contact

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Сл	Текст	Сл	Текст
1	Celtic and English in contact.	9	several features are present which can be
2			traced to the language shift or to the
3	Celtic-English contact through the		retention of earlier English input to
	ages. 1) Old English period Germanic		Ireland, e.g. They’re after selling their
	invaders of England came into contact with		house ‘They have just sold their house’
	Celts, speakers of Brythonic, as of the		She has the work done ‘She has now
	mid 5c AD. As opposed to former views, one		finished the work’ He likes the life in
	now assumes that the Celts were subjugated		Dublin ‘He likes life in Dublin’ Where are
	by the Germanic tribes rather than		ye going? ‘Where are you [more than one
	banished to unpopulated parts of the west		person] going?’ Some of these features are
	of England and Scotland. They probably got		only found in vernacular Irish English,
	the Celts to work for them. Consider that		e.g. He does be at home in the morning ‘He
	the word for Celt in Old English is wealh		is always at home in the morning’, What
	(cf. Welsh) and that this existed in a		are youse up to? ‘What are you [more than
	feminine form wielh which was also the		one person] doing?’, They didn’t cause no
	word for female servant. Although there		trouble ‘They didn’t cause any trouble’.
	are few loanwords from Celtic, an	10
	influence on English pronunciation and	11	The English language in Ireland.
	grammar may have occurred: (i) the		Varieties of Irish English have been
	transfer of consonant weakening from		transported to many overseas locations
	Brythonic to English may have been		(the Caribbean, USA, Canada, Australia,
	responsible for the loss of inflectional		New Zealand) as a result of considerable
	endings and the typological realignment of		emigration from Ireland during the
	English as a SVO language in the following		colonial period (17th to 19th centuries).
	centuries. (ii) the rise of the		Possible influences of Irish English on
	progressive in English (e.g. I am visiting		varieties of English in other parts of the
	Moscow this week) and the use of		anglophone world have been identified
	possessive pronouns with inalienable		(Hickey ed. 2004). Recent varieties of
	possession (e.g. I broke my arm, My tooth		Dublin English show new developments which
	is sore).		have arisen during the economic boom which
4	Celtic-English contact through the		Ireland has experienced in the past 15
	ages. 2) Early Modern period The spread of		years or so (Hickey 2005). Advanced Dublin
	English throughout the British Isles led		English has features of pronunciation
	in later centuries to a gradual shift from		(vowel values and consonant shifts) which
	Celtic to English on the part of speakers		have spread rapidly to other parts of the
	in the Celtic regions, specifically in		Republic of Ireland. There is no codified
	Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The language		standard of Irish English, but
	shift which took place caused the transfer		supraregional usage, derived from
	of many structures from the Celtic		middle-class Dublin English, was a de
	languages to the varieties of English		facto standard during the 20th century.
	which emerged in these regions. This is		This has been affected by new Dublin
	especially true of English in Ireland and		English and the latter is quickly
	in western, northern Scotland including		establishing itself as a model of
	the islands off the north-west coast of		non-local Irish English usage.
	this country. As with the earlier period,	12
	the main linguistic levels affected were	13	Key features of English in Ireland,
	phonology and syntax. This is typical of		Phonology & Morphology. Phonology 1)
	language transfer from a substrate		Lenition of alveolar stops in positions of
	language (in this case Irish and Scottish		high sonority, e.g. city, cat. 2) Use of
	Gaelic) to a superstrate language (in this		clear [l] in all positions in a word (only
	case English). The remarks which I will		in conservative varieties) 3) Retention of
	make on English in Ireland apply to a		syllable-final /r/ 4) Distinction of short
	great extent to the English language in		vowels before /r/ (only in conservative
	those regions of Scotland where shift from		varieties) 5) Retention of the distinction
	Gaelic took place in recent centuries.		between which and witch. Morphology 1)
5	The development of the English		Distinction between second singular and
	language in Ireland. website:		plural personal pronouns 2) Epistemic
	www.uni-due.de/IERC.		negative must, e.g. He mustn?t be
6	Periods in the development of Irish		Scottish. 3) Them as demonstrative, e.g.
	English. 1) First period Late 12th century		Them shoes in the hall.
	to 1600 Establishment of English on the	14	Key features of English in Ireland,
	east coast in a band from Dublin down to		Syntax. 1) Perfective aspect with two
	Waterford. English is above all present in		sub-types: a) Immediate perfective, e.g.
	the towns; Anglo-Norman — and of course		She is after spilling the milk. b)
	Irish — in the countryside. Increasing		Resultative perfective, e.g. She has the
	Gaelicisation in the centuries after the		housework done. (OV word order) 2)
	initial invasion led to the demise of		Habitual aspect, expressed by do + be or
	English outside the major towns. The low		bees or inflectional -s in the first
	point for English is reached in the 16th		person singular a) She does be reading
	century with Irish in a correspondingly		books. b) They bees up late at night. c) I
	strong position. 2) Second period 1600 to		gets awful anxious about the kids when
	present-day This begins with a decisive		they’re away. 3) Reduced number of verb
	military defeat for the Irish. The north		forms, e.g. seen and done as preterite,
	of the country is particularly affected		went as past participle 4) Negative
	with settlers from Lowland Scotland moving		concord, e.g. He’s not interested in no
	to Ulster and establishing a firm presence		cars. 5) Clefting for topicalisation
	there. Later on in the 17th century there		purposes, e.g. It’s to Glasgow he’s going.
	are vigorous plantations of the south of		6) Greater range of the present tense,
	the country (under Cromwell). By the end		e.g. I know him for more than six years
	of the 17th century, the position of		now. 7) Be as auxiliary, e.g. They’re
	English is unassailable and the general		finished the work now. 8) Till in the
	decline of Irish sets in with events like		sense of ‘in order that’, e.g. Come here
	the Great Famine in the late 1840?s and		till I tell you. 9) Singular time
	the ensuing mass emigration dealing a		reference for never, e.g. She never rang
	final blow to the language.		yesterday evening. 10) For to infinitives
7			of purpose, e.g. He went to Dublin for to
8	The English language in Ireland. After		buy a car. 11) Subordinating and
	the accession of James VI of Scotland as		(frequently concessive), e.g. We went for
	James I to the English throne a vigorous		a walk and it raining. 12) Preference for
	policy of plantation was pursued in		that as relative pronoun This is the book
	Ulster, filling the geographical and		that I read.
	political vacuum left by the defeated	15	Possible sources of features in Irish
	Irish with settlers from Lowland Scotland		English. 1) Transfer from Irish 2a)
	and also from other parts of Britain,		Dialect forms of English 2b) Archaic forms
	mainly northern Britain. These settlers		of English 3) Features deriving from the
	are the ancestors of the current		context in which English was learned 4)
	Protestant population in Northern Ireland.		Features with no recognisable source
	The two new groups in 17th century Ulster		(independent developments).
	led to a linguistic landscape in which	16	Suggestions for sources of key
	Ulster Scots on the rim of the province	16	features of Irish English.
	and Mid-Ulster English further inland	17	Suggestions for sources of key
	became the dominant varieties of English.	17	features of Irish English.
	Ulster Scots has retained its specific	18	Recommended literature. Filppula,
	profile to this day and has been		Markku 1999. The Grammar of Irish English.
	strengthened by official recognition in		Language in Hibernian style. London:
	the European Charter for Regional or		Routledge. Hickey, Raymond 2004. A Sound
	Minority Languages (1992) which was		Atlas of Irish English. Berlin and New
	adopted by the government of the United		York: Mouton de Gruyter. Hickey, Raymond
	Kingdom in 2001. The English language in		2005. Irish English. History and
	major cities of Northern Ireland has		Present-Day Forms. Cambridge: University
	undergone specific developments which have		Press. Hickey, Raymond 2005. Dublin
	been investigated by sociolinguists, above		English. Evolution and Change. Amsterdam:
	all by James and Lesley Milroy.		John Benjamins. Hickey, Raymond (ed.)
9	The English language in Ireland. In		2004. Legacies of Colonial English.
	the south of Ireland the development of		Cambridge: University Press. Kirk, John M.
	English was characterised by the major		and D?nall ? Baoill (eds) 2001. Language
	language shift which took place		Links: the Languages of Scotland and
	approximately between the early 17th and		Ireland. Belfast Studies in Language,
	late 19th century. In this period the		Culture and Politics, 2. Belfast: Queen?s
	rural population abandoned their native		University. Lucas, Angela (ed.) 1995.
	Irish and increasingly adopted English as		Anglo-Irish Poems of the Middle Ages.
	their first, and later their only		Dublin: Columba Press. McCafferty, Kevin
	language. During this process many		2001. Ethnicity and Language Change.
	features, above all in pronunciation and		English in (London)Derry, Northern
	grammar, were transferred as part of the		Ireland. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
	new variety of Irish English. Prominent		Milroy, James 1981. Regional Accents of
	features of the Irish pronunciation of		English: Belfast. Belfast: Blackstaff.
	English include the lack of interdental		Milroy, Lesley 1987 [1980]. Language and
	fricatives, a fricative t in open		Social Networks. 2nd edition. Oxford:
	positions and the continuing presence of		Blackwell.
	historical r. In the area of grammar
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