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Electric Vehicles Personal Transportation of the Future Future Public Transportation: hybrid bio-fueled buses planes electric trains
содержание презентации «Electric Vehicles Personal Transportation of the Future Future Public Transportation: hybrid bio-fueled buses planes electric trains.pptx»| Сл | Текст | Сл | Текст |
| 1 | Electric Vehicles Personal | 41 | http://www.plugshare.com. Most level-2 |
| Transportation of the Future Future Public | stations in non-urban Virginia are Nissan | ||
| Transportation: hybrid bio-fueled buses | dealers. | ||
| & planes & electric trains. L. | 42 | Level-1 Charging Stations in SW VA. 6 | |
| David Roper roperld@vt.edu | in Kent Square Garage in Blacksburg 1 at | ||
| http://arts.bev.net/RoperLDavid/. When an | YMCA in Blacksburg 1 at Town Hall in | ||
| affordable 500-miles battery is ready, say | Blacksburg 1 at Blacksburg Motor Company | ||
| goodbye to the gasoline car. My Prius | in Blacksburg Several needed at long-term | ||
| Plug-In 2005/2008-2012. 2013: Converted | parking lot at Roanoke Airport Several | ||
| 2006 Toyota Highlander Hybrid to plug-in. | needed at Roanoke Civic Center Several | ||
| My second electric car 2012: | needed at Jefferson Center in Roanoke | ||
| http://www.roperld.com/science/LEAFRoper.p | Several needed at Salem Civic Center. | ||
| f. My first electric car: Sun Roper | 43 | Level-2 Charging Stations in SW VA. 2 | |
| (2007-10). | at Kroger Fuel Center in Blacksburg, free | ||
| 2 | Why Drive an Electric Car? High energy | 1 at Shell Fuel Center in Blacksburg, $2 | |
| efficiency: ~90% (electric motor) vs ~25% | for 2 hours 2 at Campus Auto in | ||
| (gasoline engine) and ~40% (diesel engine) | Blacksburg, free 2 at The Inn at Virginia | ||
| No vehicle emissions, greatly reduced | Tech, free 1 at Corporate Research Center, | ||
| noise & heat Less total emissions | free 1 at Warm Hearth, $1/hour 2 at New | ||
| versus gasoline car even for 100% coal | River Nissan in Christiansburg, free for | ||
| electricity Most emissions are eliminated | LEAFs 3 at Volvo Truck plant in Dublin, | ||
| with solar/wind electricity or moved to a | free 1 at Hotel Floyd in Floyd, get RFID | ||
| central source with fossil fuels where | wand from desk clerk. More planned. 1 at | ||
| large-scale control is possible. Ultimate | Virginia Museum of Transportation in | ||
| fuel source is solar, wind or any | Roanoke, $1/hr 1 at River House in | ||
| renewable electricity source. Low “fuel” | Roanoke, free 2 at First Team Nissan in | ||
| cost (~25% of equivalent gasoline car) Low | Roanoke, free for LEAFs Other Nissan | ||
| maintenance cost (<25% of gasoline car) | dealers in SW Virginia, free for LEAFs A | ||
| High performance: high torque at low | few in personal garages and driveways. | ||
| speed! | 44 | Level-2 Charging Stations in SW VA. | |
| 3 | Torque Comparison. High torque at low | Needed at Roanoke Airport short-term | |
| speed yields exhilarating acceleration!! | parking lot Needed in Center-in-the-Square | ||
| electric. gasoline. | garage in Roanoke Needed at Roanoke Civic | ||
| 4 | U.S.-Crude-Oil Extraction. Shale Oil. | Center Needed at Hotel Roanoke Needed at | |
| Will peak in about a decade and then fall | Jefferson Center in Roanoke Needed at | ||
| rapidly! Area under curve is the total | Salem Civic Center Needed in Pulaski | ||
| amount to be extracted eventually. | Needed in Pearisburg Needed in | ||
| 5 | World Crude-Oil Extraction. Adding | Martinsville or Rocky Mount Needed in | |
| extraction from tar sands and shale oil | Marion Needed in Lexington or Buena Vista | ||
| will not change the curve by much. Area | Needed at 50-miles intervals at I-81 | ||
| under curve is the total amount to be | exits/rest-stops. | ||
| extracted eventually. | 45 | Planning for Green Housing. All plans | |
| 6 | Crude-Oil-Prices Projection. | for green houses should including wiring | |
| 7 | Gasoline-Prices Projection. | for current or future charging stations. | |
| 8 | Natural Gas for Vehicles? Only for ~15 | In most cases the EVs will be charged over | |
| years! Natural gas extraction by fracking | 95% of the time in the garage. All plans | ||
| will peak within a decade and then fall | for green apartment houses should include | ||
| off very fast! Recent studies of reserves | conduit in the parking lots for current or | ||
| indicate that this curve may be | future charging stations. All plans for | ||
| optimistic. fracking. | green commercial buildings should include | ||
| 9 | Energy Cost of Operation Comparison. | conduit in the parking lots for current or | |
| Electric-car operating cost is <25% of | future charging stations. | ||
| gasoline-car operating cost (fuel plus | 46 | Running Out of Charge?! You can use | |
| maintenance). | any 120-volts outlet to get enough charge | ||
| 10 | Solar Electric and EVs. Factor of ~10. | to get to a faster station. Nissan will | |
| However, car batteries lose energy | haul a dead vehicle in free for the first | ||
| capacity with time; so, there is a battery | 3 years. All Nissan dealers have two | ||
| replacement cost. A rough calculation | level-2 charging stations; some will have | ||
| indicates that the break-even battery | level-3 stations AAA is developing a | ||
| replacement cost is ~$5000. | charging station on trucks. Businesses | ||
| 11 | Electricity Production in U.S. | which have charging stations on a truck | |
| 12 | Electricity Production in U.S. | may develop. | |
| However, the U.S. is far behind many other | 47 | Vehicle to Grid (V2G). Millions of | |
| countries. Exponential rise in electricity | electric cars connected to the national | ||
| production from renewables. | grid. Charge at early morning | ||
| 13 | Laundromats & Gas Stations. | low-grid-load times and drive to work. | |
| Laundromats were mostly replaced by home | Recharge at morning at work. Discharge | ||
| washers/dryers. Gas stations will be | into grid at afternoon high-grid-load | ||
| mostly replaced by home charging stations | times, with enough charge left to drive | ||
| and fast public charging stations. Roper | home. (~$3000/year profit). | ||
| LEAF being charged ~98% of time in Roper | 48 | Electric Cars’ Batteries as Backup | |
| garage. | Power (V2H). Backup power for the grid at | ||
| 14 | Safety of Electric Cars. Nissan LEAF, | high-load times. Estimates of $3000/year | |
| Chevrolet Volt and Tesla S have top safety | earnings for electric-car owners. Old | ||
| ratings. Battery was left intact in a | batteries from electric cars in locations | ||
| burned out Nissan LEAF. Two Tesla-S sedans | for grid storage. Backup power for homes | ||
| have been burned somewhat by a fire in the | when the grid is down. Nissan may market | ||
| battery due to massive metal in road | this soon. Requires a house circuit with | ||
| puncturing the battery case. ~250,000 | needed devices on it. | ||
| gasoline car fires/year in U.S. with ~400 | 49 | Hybrid-Electric Cars as Backup Power | |
| deaths & ~1200 injuries. Full gasoline | (V2H). 3/4-kVa 240/120-V Plug-Out Island | ||
| tank has ~10 time the combustible energy | Prius kit ($1899/$2899) 2/3-kVa 120-V | ||
| that a Tesla battery has. Batteries are in | Plug-Out Island Prius kit ($799/$1499). | ||
| modules separated by firewalls. Battery is | Soon to be available for other | ||
| automatically disconnected in a collision. | hybrid-electric vehicles. | ||
| Manual battery disconnect is easily done. | 50 | Game Changers. Nissan LEAF Model S | |
| EMS manuals and training are available. | (2013) ~$29,500 low price (minus $7500 tax | ||
| 15 | Global Warming. A century of global | credit: ~$22,000) ~$1,100 extra for 6.6-kW | |
| warming movie Burning fossil fuels is a | charger 15% increase in range (EPA 73 to | ||
| major cause of global warming! | 84 miles) Installing level-3/480-volts DC | ||
| 16 | USA Car Commuting Distance. An | charging stations at dealers in U.S., | |
| electric car with a 125-miles range would | starting on west coast Tesla Model S Sedan | ||
| work for most commuters, and for a few | 40, 60 or 85 kWh batteries Plans to put | ||
| more who can charge it at work for a few | fast charging stations within range of | ||
| hours. 95%. 98%. | Model S upper two versions across U.S. | ||
| 17 | Electric-Cars Terminology. | within 2 years. Negative: nearest dealer | |
| Gas-Electric Hybrid: Not a plug-in (E.g., | to Roanoke is in D.C. | ||
| Prius) Plug-In Hybrid: motive energy | 51 | Battery/Battery Hybrid. Tesla has | |
| partly from grid (E.g., Ford C-MAX Energi | patented the concept of using a | ||
| with 7.6 kWh battery) Extended-Range | lithium-ion (LI) battery (medium energy | ||
| Plug-in Hybrid: large battery (E.g., | density and high power density) with a | ||
| Chevrolet Volt with 16.5/10.5 kWh battery) | lithium-air (LA) battery (high energy | ||
| BEV: Battery Electric gets all energy from | density and medium power density). The LI | ||
| grid (E.g., Nissan LEAF with 24/21 kWh | battery would be used to provide energy | ||
| battery & Tesla S with 60-85 kWh | during brief driving periods requiring | ||
| battery) Plug-In: Plug-in hybrid or BEV | high power (accelerating and climbing | ||
| Three charging levels (120V AC, 240V AC, | hills) and the LA battery would be used to | ||
| 480V DC; Tesla Supercharger) Battery | provide energy during periods requiring | ||
| Exchange: few-minutes exchange V2G: | low power (cruising). The LA battery also | ||
| Vehicle to Grid V2H: Vehicle to Home for | can recharge the LI battery. | ||
| power outage backup. | 52 | Battery/Battery Hybrid. | |
| 18 | Electric Cars Available 2013. Nissan | 53 | An AWD electric car with a 200-miles |
| LEAF (24 kWh) Ford Focus EV (23 kWh) | range (Tesla X ?). An AWD | ||
| Mitsubishi i-MiEV (16 kWh) Honda Fit EV | biodiesel-electric plug-in hybrid with at | ||
| (20 kWh) BMW i3 (22 kWh) Toyota RAV4 EV | least a 10-kWh battery (VW CrossBlue ?). | ||
| (41.8 kWh) (2WD only) Chevrolet Spark EV | My Ideal Cars. | ||
| (20 kWh) Tesla S (sedan) (60 kWh, 85 kWh) | 54 | Nissan LEAF. Note aerodynamic | |
| Tesla Roadster (53 kWh)(no longer made) | protruding headlights. Holds the record of | ||
| Smart Electric (17.6 kWh) Most other | the best selling electric car of all time. | ||
| brands in 2014-2015. Not all are available | LEAF Roper delivered 7 May 2012. | ||
| in every state. | LEAF=Leading Environmentally-friendly | ||
| 19 | Hybrid Plug-in Cars Available 2013. | Affordable Family car. | |
| Hybrid Plug-in Conversions. Chevrolet Volt | 55 | LEAF Air Flow. Protruding headlights | |
| (16.5/10.5 kWh) Prius Plug-In (4.4 kWh) | reduce drag and wind noise due to side | ||
| Ford C-MAX Energi (7.6 kWh) Honda Accord | mirrors. | ||
| Plug-In (6.7 kWh) Mitsubishi Outlander AWD | 56 | LEAF Underneath. Smooth underbody | |
| Plug-In (12 kWh). A123/Hymotion for Prius | reduces drag. | ||
| (5.4 kWh) Enginer for Prius (2/4/8 kWh) | 57 | LEAF Specifications. 24 kWh battery | |
| Plug-In Supply for Prius (4/10 kWh), Ford | (21 kWh useable) Battery warranty: 100,000 | ||
| Escape (6/15 kWh) & Toyota | miles/8 years+ Capacity warranty: 70% in 5 | ||
| Highlander/Camry (5/10 kWh). | years or 60,000 miles Battery weight: 648 | ||
| 20 | <5-kWh: $2,500. 5-kWh: $2500 + $417 | lbs Motor power: 80 kW=107 hp Weight: 3354 | |
| = $2917 >5-kWh: Add $417/kWh Maximum: | lbs; cargo: 1400 lbs 6 air bags Heated | ||
| $7500 (16 kWh or larger). U.S. Tax Credits | seats front & back, steering wheel and | ||
| for Plug-Ins. | side mirrors Smart-phone control of | ||
| 21 | Plug-In Car Sales Compared to Prius | heating/cooling and charging. | |
| Entry into U.S. | 58 | LEAF Battery. | |
| 22 | Put butts in cars. Drive one for 100 | http://nissanleafwiki.com Lithium-ion, | |
| miles. Race a 370Z at a red light! | lithium-manganate cathodes, carbon anodes | ||
| Calculate the cost per mile. Examine the | 48 modules containing 4 cells = 192 cells | ||
| very low maintenance cost. Sales | Total weight = 294 kg (648 lbs) Energy | ||
| Techniques for Electric Cars. | density: 140 Wh/kg Power density: 2.5 | ||
| 23 | Parts Missing! Engine parts, mufflers, | kW/kg Extreme crash shielding | |
| catalytic converters, oil & filter, | Level-1/120-volts charging: 21 hours | ||
| gas tank, etc. Not shown here are the | Level-2/240-volts charging: 3.5/7 hours | ||
| missing numerous transmission parts. | Level-3/480-volts charging DC: 80% in 30 | ||
| 24 | Electric-Car Components. Large DC | minutes. | |
| battery (LEAF: 24 kWh; i-MiEV: 16 kWh) | 59 | LEAF Battery Location. Low center of | |
| Powerful AC electric motor (LEAF: 80 | gravity provides excellent road behavior. | ||
| kW=107 hp) Regeneration of gravitational | 60 | 2012 LEAF Range vs Speed. | |
| and kinetic energy Chargers (120V AC, 240V | 61 | 2012 LEAF Range vs Speed. 2013 range | |
| AC, 480V DC) (LEAF: 6.6 kW) DC to/from AC | increased by ~15%. town. interstate. | ||
| inverter (battery to/from motor/generator) | 62 | LEAF Charging Ports. Level-3 on left, | |
| Auxiliary 12V battery & DC to DC | levels 1 & 2 on right. | ||
| converter Cooling systems for motor, | 63 | LEAF Charging Ports. | |
| inverter and battery Possibly heating | 64 | LEAF Level-1/120V Charging Cord. | |
| system for battery Electric steering, | Smaller for 2013. Can be converted to | ||
| brakes and climate control In-cab driver | level-2/240-volts. | ||
| information about battery level, energy | 65 | Level-2/240V Charging Stations. The | |
| used and location of charging stations. | one Nissan sells. The one Dave Roper has; | ||
| 25 | Electric-Car Components (i-MiEV). | sold by Home Depot. | |
| 26 | Nissan LEAF 24-kWh Battery Pack. Under | 66 | Wireless Induction Charger. The one |
| back seat. Under front seat. 48 replacable | Nissan is developing. Evatran in | ||
| modules with 4 Lithium-ion cells each = | Wytheville VA is developing one that is in | ||
| 192 cell. | front; sold & installed by Sears. | ||
| 27 | Battery Capacity Loss with Time. | 67 | Battery Charging Status. Charging |
| Lithium batteries lose ~20% of energy | indicators inside windshield. This one | ||
| capacity in 5 years for typical driver. | shows that the battery is fully charged. | ||
| Lithium batteries lose ~30% of energy | 68 | Driver Controls. | |
| capacity in 10 years for typical driver. | 69 | Driver Controls. Pushing a button on | |
| Drivers need to expect less range in later | steering wheel shows driving range and | ||
| years; so buy larger than needed. At ~30% | nearby charging stations. | ||
| loss probably battery exchange with old | 70 | LEAF Driver’s Display. 2013 shows SOC. | |
| battery used for renewable-energy storage. | 71 | Quick Controls. Steering-Wheel | |
| At ~50% loss probably recycled. | Controls. 2013 has ECO mode button for | ||
| 28 | Battery Calendar Life for 70% Capacity | less acceleration. Top button shows | |
| vs Temperature. | driving range on center display. | ||
| 29 | Capacity vs Depth of Discharge & | 72 | Shift Knob. Shifting into D twice |
| Charging Cycles. Longer life by keeping | actuates ECO mode (B mode for 2013) for | ||
| SOC 20%-80%. | more regeneration. | ||
| 30 | Why To Usually Charge to 80%. Charging | 73 | Center Display. |
| is by constant current until the maximum | 74 | Energy Display. | |
| voltage is reached; then constant voltage | 75 | Apps for Cell Phones/Internet. | |
| until current drops ~90%. As a battery is | 76 | 2012 EPA Ratings. | |
| charged up, its internal resistance | 77 | 2013 EPA Ratings. The 75-miles range | |
| increases. The higher resistance generates | is the average of 80% charged (66 miles) | ||
| more heat, raising the temperature of the | and 100% charged (84 miles). | ||
| battery. High temperatures cause higher | 78 | LEAF Drive Through Water & Snow. | |
| capacity loss. Ions get trapped in the | 79 | Recycling. Much of LEAF is made from | |
| electrodes. | recycled materials. Designed for high | ||
| 31 | LEAF Capacity Left vs Miles. Probably | recycling of materials. Battery modules | |
| want to exchange battery before 30,000 | can be individually replaced. Batteries | ||
| miles. | after decline can be used for grid | ||
| 32 | LEAF Capacity Left vs Years & | storage. Batteries are recyclable. | |
| Place. | 80 | Driving a LEAF in the NRV. Blacksburg | |
| 33 | LEAF Average Capacity Left vs Years. | to Floyd & back many times Blacksburg | |
| Probably want to exchange battery before | to Roanoke & back, level-2 charging @ | ||
| 10 years. | various places many times Blacksburg to | ||
| 34 | Battery Exchange. Nissan is working on | Pulaski & back several times | |
| a battery-exchange program. Tesla is | Christiansburg to Pearisburg & back | ||
| working on a battery-exchange program. | Blacksburg to Wytheville & back, | ||
| Batteries might be exchanged temporarily | level-2 charging 4 hours at Blue Ridge | ||
| or permanently. Batteries of reduced | Nissan Blacksburg to Grandin Village & | ||
| capacity can be used for renewable-energy | back several times, level-2 charging at | ||
| storage. | daughter’s house Blacksburg to Mt. Lake | ||
| 35 | Charging an Electric Car. Level-1: | & Cascades Park and back Blacksburg to | |
| 120-Volts AC ~12-Amperes (1.15 kW) 20-kWh | Daleville and back, level-1 charging there | ||
| battery fills in ~18 hours Level-2_15A: | Blacksburg to VWCC and back, level-1 | ||
| 240-Volts AC ~15-Amperes (3.3 kW) 20-kWh | charging there Blacksburg to Lynchburg and | ||
| battery fills in ~7 hours Level-2_30A: | back, charging in Roanoke and Lynchburg | ||
| 240-Volts AC ~30-Amperes (6.6 kW) 20-kWh | Nissan in Forest. | ||
| battery fills in ~3.5 hours Level-3: | 81 | Possible LEAF Trips from Blacksburg. | |
| 480-Volts DC ~125-Amperes (~60 kW) 20-kWh | Harrisonburg and back, charging at | ||
| battery fills in ~0.5 hours Faster for | Roanoke, Staunton & Harrisonburg | ||
| Tesla cars via Superchargers. | Charlottesville and back, charging at | ||
| 36 | Tesla Fast Charging Stations. | Roanoke, Staunton and Charlottesville Hot | |
| 37 | Tesla Planned Superchargers. None are | Springs or Greenbrier WV and back, | |
| on I-81 in Virginia! | charging at Covington Bluefield WV and | ||
| 38 | Charging Stations (EVSE). GE dual | back, charging at Cole Nissan BIG ONE: to | |
| station at Kroger Fuel Center on | LEAF plant at Smyrna TN (409 miles) and | ||
| University City Boulevard Blacksburg VA. | back, charging at 7 places along the way. | ||
| Schneider station in Roper garage: ~$1100 | 82 | Why Lease/Buy a Nissan LEAF. Reduce | |
| installed. Eaton station at Virginia | carbon emissions per mile traveled Reduce | ||
| Museum of Transportation in Roanoke. | use of fossil fuels per mile traveled | ||
| 39 | Portable Charging Station. Comes with | Reduce use of energy per mile traveled | |
| car For 120-volts “trickle charging” Can | Reduce traffic noise Improve vehicle | ||
| be converted to 240-volts charging for | performance Increase driving mindfulness | ||
| $332 + ~$150 installation of 240-volts | Increase public knowledge of electric cars | ||
| outlet. | Increase desirability of renewable energy | ||
| 40 | State Programs to Install Charging | Why lease: EV technology will greatly | |
| Stations. Tennessee: 11,200 level-2 & | improve in 3 years. | ||
| 260 level-3 California: 10,000 level-2 | 83 | References. The 2011 Electric Car | |
| & 200 level-3 Illinois: Largest | Guide: Discover the truth about owning and | ||
| level-3 charging network Oregon & | using electric cars. Charged Up! The | ||
| Washington: Level-3 stations along I-5, | Definitive Guide to Plug-In Electric | ||
| eventually with California from Canada to | Vehicles 4th Edition 2013 | ||
| Mexico North Carolina, South Carolina, | http://www.owningelectriccar.com | ||
| Indiana, Ohio & Florida installing | http://www.roperld.com/science/ElectricVeh | ||
| many stations NE Electric Vehicle Network: | cles.htm | ||
| Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, | http://www.roperld.com/science/NissanLEAF. | ||
| Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, | tm | ||
| New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, | http://www.roperld.com/science/LEAFRoper20 | ||
| Vermont & D.C. installing many | 3.htm. | ||
| stations What is wrong with Virginia?!!!! | 84 | ||
| 41 | Virginia Charging Stations | 85 | |
| Electric Vehicles Personal Transportation of the Future Future Public Transportation: hybrid bio-fueled buses planes electric trains.pptx | |||
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Electric Vehicles Personal Transportation of the Future Future Public Transportation: hybrid bio-fueled buses planes electric trains
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Electric Vehicles Personal Transportation of the Future Future Public Transportation: hybrid bio-fueled buses planes electric trains