Evolution of Language |
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![]() Evolution of all Life |
![]() Evolution of Language |
![]() Worldwide Spread of Humans |
![]() Language Evolved as a Substitute for Grooming |
![]() Evolution of FOXP2 |
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1 | Evolution of Language. Language and | 22 | conversational rules Almost always talk |
Communication Week 7 Mike Dowman. | about immediate wants. | ||
2 | How does Language Change over Time? | 23 | Tracing Human Evolution. Problem: |
Each generation learns a slightly | Language doesn’t fossilize No writing | ||
different language. L1. U1. L2. U2. L3. | until 5,000 years ago So how can we track | ||
U3. L4. U4. L8. U7. L7. U6. L6. U5. L5. | language evolution? Skulls and skeletons | ||
produce. learn. | Crafted artefacts Societal organization | ||
3 | Cultural Evolution. Many factors | Art. | |
affect how language will change from | 24 | Worldwide Spread of Humans. | |
generation to generation. What people talk | 25 | Catastrophic Evolution. There’s | |
about. Who talks to who how often. What | nothing remotely like human language | ||
psychological learning mechanism people | anywhere in the animal world. ?Suggests | ||
have. Ideas about what sounds good, or who | that there never was anything halfway | ||
people want to sound like. | between chimp and human language ?A single | ||
4 | Biological Evolution. Biological | mutation caused a crucial connection to be | |
evolution changes the type of languages | made in the brain. | ||
that will evolve culturally. L1. L2. L3. | 26 | Gradual Evolution. Ugh. Food. Many | |
U3. L4. U4. L8. U7. L7. U6. L6. U5. L5. | buffalo there. We hunt. Ugh-Ugh. Don’t | ||
5 | Natural Selection. Biological | attack until I say. Let’s spend the winter | |
evolution follows quite different rules to | here. It’s more sheltered and there are | ||
cultural evolution. It will occur whenever | many animals to hunt. Let’s take the kill | ||
we have: Multiplication Variation Heredity | back to the others. Because out language | ||
Those genes that result in people | skills got better we survived better. But | ||
reproducing will be selected for. | it all happened slowly and gradually. I | ||
6 | Successful Reproduction. Survival | have seen herds of antelope over the hill. | |
Sexual success For almost all of our | I think we should move there. | ||
evolutionary history we’ve been | 27 | What is Language for? Language helps | |
hunter-gatherers. How does language help | us to pass on and develop technologies | ||
hunter gatherers? Does language ability | (how to make better spears). It helps us | ||
affect social status? Does language play a | to coordinate activities (e.g. hunting). | ||
role in ‘courtship’? | We can communicate knowledge about | ||
7 | Does Language Evolution Matter? | relevant aspects of the environment (e.g. | |
Language evolution isn’t important if | there’s a big herd of buffalo behind the | ||
we’re just interested in the way language | hill where we camped 5 days ago). Could we | ||
is today. Evolution isn’t important for | achieve any of this without language? | ||
understanding the structure and | Could we even think this without language? | ||
functioning of animals and plants. ?The | 28 | Gossiping. 2/3 of all conversation is | |
evolutionary perspective helps us to | about social relations. Both in developed | ||
understand all aspects of language. | countries and for hunter-gatherers. Does | ||
8 | Evolution of all Life. | this kind of language use have any effect | |
9 | Primate Evolution. Wrong! | on our fitness? Does it help our survival | |
10 | We are not descended from Chimpanzees. | rate? Does it increase our reproductive | |
Australopithecus africanus | success? | ||
Australopithecus robustus. | 29 | Language Evolved as a Substitute for | |
Australopithecus afarensis. Homo habilis. | Grooming. Monkeys and Apes are very social | ||
Homo erectus. Archaic Homo sapiens | Complex relationships Grooming is main | ||
Neanderthal. gorillas common chimpanzees | form of social interaction. | ||
bonobos Homo sapiens sapiens. | 30 | Increasing Group Size. Largest group | |
11 | When did Language Evolve? | size for non-human primates is 50-55 | |
Australopithecus africanus | (Chimps and Baboons). For modern | ||
Australopithecus robustus. | hunter-gatherers is about 150. Primates | ||
Australopithecus afarensis. Homo habilis. | spend up to 20% of their days grooming. | ||
Homo erectus. Archaic Homo sapiens | Human’s would need to spend 40% of their | ||
Neanderthal. gorillas common chimpanzees | time to cover such a large group. ? | ||
bonobos Homo sapiens sapiens. | Language is ‘vocal grooming’. | ||
12 | When did Language Evolve? | 31 | Co-Evolution. Language will adapt to |
Australopithecus africanus | humans through cultural evolution As soon | ||
Australopithecus robustus. | as we acquire a tendency to mimic some | ||
Australopithecus afarensis. Homo habilis. | form of language will appear. | ||
Homo erectus. Archaic Homo sapiens | 32 | Has Language Evolution Stopped? Is | |
Neanderthal. gorillas common chimpanzees | there genetic variation in language | ||
bonobos Homo sapiens sapiens. | ability between different people? Are | ||
13 | When did Language Evolve? | mutations still occurring? If either of | |
Australopithecus africanus | these are true, language is still | ||
Australopithecus robustus. | evolving. | ||
Australopithecus afarensis. Homo habilis. | 33 | The K.E. Family. 16 of 30 members of | |
Homo erectus. Archaic Homo sapiens | K.E. family have a specific language | ||
Neanderthal. gorillas common chimpanzees | impairment. Problems with morphology (have | ||
bonobos Homo sapiens sapiens. | to learn past tense and plurals one by one | ||
14 | When did Language Evolve? | – can’t learn rule of adding –ed / -s). | |
Australopithecus africanus | Some other aspects of grammar not so | ||
Australopithecus robustus. | affected. Mean IQ of impaired subjects 86 | ||
Australopithecus afarensis. Homo habilis. | (range 71-111). Mean IQ of unaffected | ||
Homo erectus. Archaic Homo sapiens | family members 104 (range 84 – 119). | ||
Neanderthal. gorillas common chimpanzees | 34 | K.E. Family Tree. F (74) – husband. F | |
bonobos Homo sapiens sapiens. | (46) – husband. M – wife. F (43) – | ||
15 | When did Language Evolve? | husband. M (40) – wife. F (38) - husband. | |
Australopithecus africanus | F (17) M (16) F (12) M (8). M (20) F (18). | ||
Australopithecus robustus. | F (21) F (17) F (12) F (11) M (7). M (10) | ||
Australopithecus afarensis. Homo habilis. | F (7) F (5) F (2)? M (17) M (15) M (14) F | ||
Homo erectus. Archaic Homo sapiens | (12) M (10) M (8) F (7) M (6) F (6). Red | ||
Neanderthal. gorillas common chimpanzees | family members have impairment Black | ||
bonobos Homo sapiens sapiens. | members have no impairment at all No | ||
16 | How long has language been evolving | spouses had language impairment. fraternal | |
for? chimp-human common ancestor. 5 | twins. | ||
million years ago. Australopithecus | 35 | FOXP2. In 2001a gene was found in all | |
afarensis. Homo habilis. Homo erectus. | affected family members No non-affected | ||
gorillas common chimpanzees bonobos Homo | family members had this gene Nor did any | ||
sapiens sapiens. | of 360 controls from the general | ||
17 | What has evolved? Chimpanzees give | population FOXP2 controls the expression | |
clues to how we were 5 million years ago. | of other genes Affects brain development | ||
How does modern chimpanzee language | (at embryo stage). | ||
compare to human language? Do chimpanzees | 36 | Evolution of FOXP2. Grey boxes mark | |
have all the cognitive prerequisites for | amino acid changing mutations 0 mutations | ||
language? (Even if they could speak, would | in 75 million years for chimps 1 for mice | ||
they have anything to say?). | 2 for humans in last 6 million years. 75 | ||
18 | Wild Chimpanzees. Communicate through | Million years ago. | |
gestures, facial expressions, tactile | 37 | FOXP2 Mutations. FOXP2 mutations have | |
contact, and about 25 different vocal | been selected for in humans (are not due | ||
calls. Calls can express fear, puzzlement, | to random drift). Mutation probably | ||
annoyance, food enjoyment, rage or | happened 10,000 to 100,000 years ago. KE | ||
distress, excitement Can alert other | family mutation is different – in a | ||
chimps to a food source But much more like | completely different part of the gene. But | ||
other animal communication systems than | may still give us some idea what the | ||
human languages. | mutations were for. | ||
19 | Teaching Language to Chimpanzees. | 38 | Implications of FOXP2. Does FOXP2 |
Chimpanzees can’t control their breathing | really tell us anything about language | ||
or vocal apparatus So can’t mimic human | evolution? Does FOXP2 code for morphology? | ||
speech Good manual control So several | Or does the mutation of FOXP2 disrupt | ||
attempts to teach chimpanzees American | whatever codes for morphology? Does FOXP2 | ||
sign language (ASL) ? Or to communicate by | suggest that something really | ||
pointing to a board of board of symbols. | language-specific evolved? | ||
20 | 39 | The Future of the KE Family Gene. Will | |
21 | What can Chimps Learn? Chimp trainers | the KE family gene die out? Or will it | |
have claimed: Chimps can learn 250 ASL | keep spreading? If it spreads widely | ||
words Spontaneously make new lexical items | enough, a version of language without | ||
Combine words into sentences Other | morphological rules might arise. We could | ||
observers see a lot of random hand | be seeing the beginnings of a new stage in | ||
movements, and only very poor imitation of | the evolution of language. | ||
ASL signs. | 40 | Summary. Language evolution raises a | |
22 | Nim Chimpsky. Nim eat Nim eat Tickle | lot of questions: What evolved? When did | |
me Nim play Me banana you banana me you | it evolve? Why did it evolve? Key point – | ||
give Banana me me me eat No or very little | All explanations in linguistics must | ||
syntax Up to about 250 words maximum | ultimately be grounded in terms of | ||
(using a symbol board) No turn taking or | biological evolution by natural selection. | ||
Evolution of Language.ppt |
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