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Автор: Lou Reich and Don Sawyer. Чтобы познакомиться с картинкой полного размера, нажмите на её эскиз. Чтобы можно было использовать все картинки для урока английского языка, скачайте бесплатно презентацию «ISO Reference Model For an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Tutorial Presentation Lou Reich CSC Don Sawyer NASANSSDC May 2000.ppt» со всеми картинками в zip-архиве размером 157 КБ.
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1 | ISO “Reference Model For an Open | 33 | Preservation Description Information |
Archival Information System (OAIS)” | (PDI). Content Information. derived from. | ||
Tutorial Presentation Lou Reich /CSC Don | delimited by. e.g., Information supporting | ||
Sawyer /NASA/NSSDC May 2000. | customer searches for AIP. e.g., How to | ||
2 | Outline of Talk. History Reference | find Content information and PDI on some | |
Model overview Digital Archive Directions | medium. further described by. e.g., • | ||
(DADs) workshop AWIICS workshop Reference | Hardcopy document • Document as an | ||
Model Status. | electronic file together with its format | ||
3 | NASA Role. National Space Science Data | description • Scientific data set | |
Center NASA’s first digital archive | consisting of images and text in three | ||
Experienced many technology changes since | electronic files together with format | ||
1966 Consultative Committee for Space Data | descriptions. e.g., • How the Content | ||
Systems International group of space | Information came into being, who has held | ||
agencies Developed variety of science | it, how it relates to other information, | ||
discipline- independent standards Became | and how its integrity is assured. | ||
working body for an ISO TC 20/ SC 13 about | 34 | AIP Types. Based on the difference in | |
1990 TC20: Aircraft and Space Vehicles | Content Object complexity AIUs contain a | ||
SC13: Space Data and Information Transfer | single Data Object as the Content Object | ||
Systems. | AICs contain multiple AIPs in their | ||
4 | Initial Archive Standards Proposal. | Content Objects Each member of an AIC is | |
ISO suggested that SC 13 should develop | an AIP containing Content Information and | ||
archive standards Address data used in | PDI The AIC contains unique PDI on the | ||
conjunction with space missions Address | collection process. | ||
intermediate and indefinite long term | 35 | Package Descriptors and Access Aids. | |
storage of digital data. | Package descriptors are needed by an OAIS | ||
5 | Response. Response to Consultative | to provide visibility and access to the | |
Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) | OAIS holdings Package Descriptors contain | ||
and ISO TC 20/SC 13 No framework widely | 1 or more Associated Descriptions which | ||
recognized for developing specific digital | describe the AIP Content Information from | ||
archive standards Begin by developing a | the point of view of a single Access Aid | ||
‘Reference Model’ to establish common | Some example of Access Aids Include: | ||
terms and concepts Ensure broad | Finding Aids - assist the consumer in | ||
participation, including traditional | locating information of interest Ordering | ||
archives (Not restricted to space | Aids - allow the consumer to discover the | ||
communities; all participation is | cost of and order AIUs of interest | ||
welcome!) Focus on data in electronic | Retrieval Aids - enable authorized users | ||
forms, but recognize that other forms | to retrieve the AIU described by the Unit | ||
exist in most archives Follow up with | Descriptor from Archival Storage. | ||
additional archive standards efforts as | 36 | Information Model Summary. Presented a | |
appropriate. | model of information objects as containing | ||
6 | Getting Started. First open US | data objects and representation objects | |
workshop held October 1995 Variety of | Classified information required for | ||
government, academic, and industry | Long-term archiving into 4 classes: | ||
participation, including National Archives | Content Information, PDI, Packaging | ||
Active US working group was formed US | Information and Descriptive Information | ||
workgroup activities are fully open New | Described how these classes would be | ||
participants always welcome Plans, | aggregated and related in an AIP to fully | ||
minutes, drafts available from Web Broad | describe an instance of Content | ||
international workshops also held Britain | Information Presented information needed | ||
and France Issue resolution at CCSDS | for Access, in addition to that needed for | ||
international workshops. | Long-term Preservation Put the Access | ||
7 | Results. Reference Model targeted to | oriented structures in the context of the | |
several categories of reader Archive | other data needed to operate an OAIS. | ||
designers Archive users Archive managers, | 37 | Detailed Models. Functional View. | |
to clarify digital preservation issues and | 38 | General Principles. Highlight the | |
assist in securing appropriate resources | major functional areas important to | ||
Standards developers Adopting terminology | digital archiving Use functional | ||
that crosses various disciplines | decomposition to clarify the range of | ||
Traditional archivists Scientific data | functionality that might be encountered | ||
centers Digital libraries Getting | Don't decompose beyond two levels to avoid | ||
favorable comments wherever exposed. | becoming too implementation dependent | ||
8 | Reference Model for an Open Archival | Provide a useful set of terms and concepts | |
Information System. | Do not imply that all archives need to | ||
9 | Open Archival Information System | implement all the sub-functions Identify | |
(OAIS). Open Reference Model standard(s) | some common services which are likely to | ||
are developed using a public process and | be needed, and are assumed to be | ||
are freely available Information Any type | available, as underlying support. | ||
of knowledge that can be exchanged | 39 | Common Services. Modern, distributed | |
Independent of the forms (i.e., physical | computing applications assume a number of | ||
or digital) used to represent the | supporting services Examples of Common | ||
information Data are the representation | Services include: inter-process | ||
forms of information Archival Information | communication name services temporary | ||
System Hardware, software, and people who | storage allocation exception handling | ||
are responsible for the acquisition, | security file and directory services. | ||
preservation and dissemination of the | 40 | OAIS Functional Entities. C O N S U M | |
information Additional OAIS | E R. P R O D U C E R. MANAGEMENT. SIP = | ||
responsibilities are identified later and | Submission Information Package AIP = | ||
are more fully defined in the Reference | Archival Information Package DIP = | ||
Model document. | Dissemination Information Package. Data | ||
10 | Document Organization. Introduction | Management. Requests. other information. | |
Purpose and Scope, Applicability, | Ingest. Access. SIP. DIP. Archival | ||
Rationale, Road Map for Future Work, | Storage. Administration. | ||
Document Structure, and Definitions of | 41 | Functional Entities In An OAIS. | |
Terms OAIS Concepts High level view of | Ingest: This entity provides the services | ||
OAIS functionality and information models | and functions to accept Submission | ||
OAIS external environment Minimum | Information Packages (SIPs) from Producers | ||
responsibilities to become an “OAIS” | and prepare the contents for storage and | ||
Detailed Models Functional model | management within the archive Archival | ||
descriptions and information model | Storage: This entity provides the services | ||
perspectives Migration perspectives Media | and functions for the storage, maintenance | ||
migration, compression, and format | and retrieval of Archival Information | ||
conversions Archive Interoperability | Packages Data Management: This entity | ||
Criteria to distinguish types of | provides the services and functions for | ||
cooperation among archives Annexes | populating, maintaining, and accessing | ||
Scenarios of existing archives, | both descriptive information which | ||
compatibility with other standards. | identifies and documents archive holdings | ||
11 | Purpose, Scope, and Applicability. | and internal archive administrative data. | |
Framework for understanding and applying | Administration: This entity manages the | ||
concepts needed for long-term digital | overall operation of the archive system | ||
information preservation Long-term is long | Access: This entity supports consumers in | ||
enough to be concerned about changing | determining the existence, description, | ||
technologies Starting point for model | location and availability of information | ||
addressing non-digital information | stored in the OAIS and allowing consumers | ||
Provides set of minimal responsibilities | to request and receive information | ||
to distinguish an OAIS from other uses of | products. | ||
‘archive’ Framework for comparing | 42 | Ingest Functions. Schedule Submission | |
architectures and operations of existing | Delivery: negotiates a data submission | ||
and future archives Basis for development | schedule with the producer Receive | ||
of additional related standards Addresses | Submission: provides the appropriate | ||
a full range of archival functions | storage capability or devices to receive a | ||
Applicable to all long-term archives and | SIP from the producer. The Receive SIP | ||
those organizations and individuals | function may represent a legal transfer of | ||
dealing with information that may need | custody for the CI in the SIP, and may | ||
long-term preservation Does NOT specify | require that special access controls be | ||
any implementation. | placed on the contents Generate Archival | ||
12 | Model View of an OAIS’s Environment. | Information Package: transforms one or | |
Producer is the role played by those | more SIPs into one or more AIPs that | ||
persons, or client systems, who provide | conforms to the internal data model of the | ||
the information to be preserved Management | archive. Generate Descriptive Information: | ||
is the role played by those who set | extracts Descriptive Information from the | ||
overall OAIS policy as one component in a | AIPs to populate the data management | ||
broader policy domain Consumer is the role | system. Coordinate Updates: responsible | ||
played by those persons, or client | for transferring the AIPs to Archival | ||
systems, who interact with OAIS services | Storage and the Descriptive Information to | ||
to find and acquire preserved information | Data Management. | ||
of interest. OAIS (archive). Producer. | 43 | Ingest Data Flow Diagram. | |
Consumer. Management. | 44 | Analysis of Archive Issues Using OAIS | |
13 | OAIS Information Definition. | RM. Migration. | |
Information is defined as any type of | 45 | Digital Migration. Digital Migration | |
knowledge that can be exchanged, and this | is defined to be the transfer of digital | ||
information is always expressed (i.e., | information, while intending to preserve | ||
represented) by some type of data In | it, within the OAIS. Focus on preservation | ||
general, it can be said that “Data | of the full information content New | ||
interpreted using its Representation | information implementation replaces the | ||
Information yields Information” In order | old OAIS has full control and | ||
for this Information Object to be | responsibility over all aspects of the | ||
successfully preserved, it is critical for | transfer Three major motivators are seen | ||
an archive to clearly identify and | to drive Digital Migrations of Archival | ||
understand the Data Object and its | Information Packages within an OAIS: Media | ||
associated Representation Information. | Decay Increased Cost Effectiveness New | ||
Data Object. Representation Information. | Consumer Service Requirements. | ||
Information Object. Interpreted Using its. | 46 | Digital Migration Approaches. Four | |
Yields. | primary types of digital migration in | ||
14 | Information Package Definition. An | response to motivators, ordered by | |
Information Package is a conceptual | increasing risk of information loss: | ||
container of two types of information | Refreshment Media replacement with no bit | ||
called Content Information and | changes Replication No change to Packaging | ||
Preservation Description Information | Information or Content Information bits | ||
(PDI). Preservation Description | Repackaging Some bit changes in Packaging | ||
Information. Content Information. | Information Transformation Reversible: Bit | ||
15 | Information Package Variants. | changes in Content Information are | |
Submission Information Package Negotiated | reversible by an algorithm Non-reversible: | ||
between Producer and OAIS Sent to OAIS by | Bit changes in Content Information are not | ||
a Producer Archival Information Package | reversible by an algorithm. | ||
Information Package used for preservation | 47 | Access Preservation. Effective access | |
Includes complete set of Preservation | to digital information requires the use of | ||
Description Information for the Content | software Application Programming | ||
Information Dissemination Information | Interfaces (APIs) may be cost-effectively | ||
Package Includes part or all of one or | maintained across time by an OAIS when: | ||
more Archival Information Packages Sent to | API is not too complex API is applicable | ||
a Consumer by the OAIS. | to a wide variety of AIUs API source code | ||
16 | External Data Flow Diagram. OAIS. | may be ported to new environments | |
Producer. Submission Information Packages. | Extensive testing is needed to ensure | ||
queries. query response. Dissemination | against information loss Preservation of | ||
Information Packages. orders. Consumer. | executables by full emulation of | ||
17 | OAIS Responsibilities. Negotiates and | underlying hardware is problematic Hard to | |
accepts Information Packages from | know what is the information being | ||
information producers Obtains sufficient | preserved May not be possible to fully | ||
control to ensure long-term preservation | emulate associated devices. | ||
Determines which communities (designated) | 48 | Analysis of Archive Issues Using OAIS | |
need to be able to understand the | RM. Archive Associations. | ||
preserved information Ensures the | 49 | Archive Interoperability Motivators. | |
information to be preserved is | Users of multiple OAIS archives have | ||
independently understandable to the | reasons to wish for some interoperability | ||
Designated Communities Follows documented | or cooperation among the OAISs. Consumers | ||
policies and procedures which ensure the | Common finding aids to aid in locating | ||
information is preserved against all | information over several OAIS archives | ||
reasonable contingencies Makes the | Common Package Descriptor schema for | ||
preserved information available to the | access Common DIP schema for | ||
Designated Communities in forms | dissemination, or a single global access | ||
understandable to those communities. | site. Producers common SIP schema for | ||
18 | Detailed Models. Overview. | submission to different archives a single | |
19 | Overview of Detailed Models. It was | depository for all their products. | |
decided to do both a functional and an | Managers Cost reduction through sharing of | ||
information model of the OAIS Both models | expensive hardware increasing the | ||
were tasked to: Use the models to better | uniformity and quality of user | ||
communicate OAIS Concepts Use a well | interactions with the OAIS. | ||
established, formal modeling technique | 50 | Categories of Archive Interactions. | |
Stay as implementation independent as | Independent: no knowledge by one OAIS of | ||
possible Avoid detailed designs. | Standards implemented at another | ||
20 | Detailed Models. Information Model. | Cooperating: Potentially common submission | |
21 | General Principles. Define classes of | standards, and common dissemination | |
“information objects’ that illustrate | standards, but no common access. One | ||
information necessary to enable Long-term | archive may make subscription requests for | ||
storage and access to Archives The class | key data at the cooperating archive | ||
definition should be implementation | Federated: Access to all federated OAIS is | ||
Independent Use a variant of Object | provided through a common set of access | ||
Modeling Technique (OMT) as a notation | aids that provide visibility into all | ||
(being updated to UML). | participating OAISs. Global dissemination | ||
22 | OMT Notation Overview. Class: | and Ingest are options Shared resources: | |
Multiplicity of Associations: Aggregation: | An OAIS in which Management has entered | ||
Specialization: Association: Class Name. | into agreements with other OAISs is to | ||
Exactly one. Class. Many (zero or more). | share resources to reduce cost. This | ||
Class. Assembly Class. Optional (zero or | requires various standards internal to the | ||
one). Class. 1+. Class. One or more. | archive (such as ingest-storage and | ||
Part-2 Class. Part -1 Class. Association | access-storage interface standards), but | ||
Name. Class-1. Class-2. Parent Class. | does not alter the community’s view of the | ||
Child -1 Class. Child-2 Class. | archive. | ||
23 | Information Objects. | 51 | Federated Archives. Local. Consumer. |
24 | Representation Information. The | Global. Consumer. Common Catalog. OAIS 2. | |
Representation Information accompanying a | Local. Consumer. Dissemination Information | ||
physical object like a moon rock may give | Package. (Optional). Dissemination | ||
additional meaning, as a result of some | Information Package. (Optional). Access. | ||
analysis, to the physically observable | Access. Administration. Administration. | ||
attributes of the rock The Representation | Ingest. Access. Access. | ||
Information accompanying a digital object, | 52 | Levels of Autonomy in Associated | |
or sequence of bits, is used to provide | Archives. No interactions and therefore no | ||
additional meaning. It typically maps the | association Associations that maintain | ||
bits into commonly recognized data types | your autonomy. You have to do certain | ||
such as character, integer, and real and | things to participate, but you can leave | ||
into groups of these data types. It | the association without notice or impact | ||
associates these with higher level | to you. Associations that bind you by | ||
meanings which can have complex | contract. To change the nature of this | ||
inter-relationships that are also | association you will have to re-negotiate | ||
described. | the contract. The amount of autonomy | ||
25 | Recursive Nature of Representation | retained depends on how difficult it is to | |
Information. Preexisting standards that | negotiate the changes. | ||
define primitive data-types Mapping rules | 53 | Reference Model Summary. Reference | |
that map those primitive data-type into | model is to be applicable to all digital | ||
the more complex data-type concept used by | archives, and their Producers and | ||
the Data Object Other semantic | Consumers Identifies a minimum set of | ||
informa-tion that aids in the | responsibilities for an archive to claim | ||
under-standing of the Data such as a Data | it is an OAIS Establishes common terms and | ||
Dictionary. | concepts for comparing implementations, | ||
26 | Sample Representation Net. | but does not specify an implementation | |
27 | Types of Information Used in OAIS. | Provides detailed models of both archival | |
28 | Content Information. The information | functions and archival information | |
which is the primary object of | Discusses OAIS information migration and | ||
preservation An instance of Content | interoperability among OAISs. | ||
Information is the information that an | 54 | Reference Model Acceptance. Reference | |
archive is tasked to preserve. Deciding | model has been getting good reviews | ||
what is the Content Information may not be | Society of American Archivists 1997 annual | ||
obvious and may need to be negotiated with | meeting NAGARA 1998 Annual Meeting Various | ||
the Producer The Data Object in the | international conferences Major context | ||
Content Information may be either a | for June 1998 Digital Archive Directions | ||
Digital Object or a Physical Object (e.g., | (DADs) workshop hosted by NARA | ||
a physical sample, microfilm). | http://ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov/nost/isoas/dads | ||
29 | Preservation Description Information. | Framework for October 1999 Archival | |
Provenance Information Describes the | Workshop on Ingest, Identification, and | ||
source of Content Information, who has had | Certification (AWIICS) hosted by NARA | ||
custody of it, what is its history Context | http://ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov/nost/isoas/awii | ||
Information Describes how the Content | s/ws.html. | ||
Information relates to other information | 55 | DADs Workshop Recommendations. Working | |
outside the Information Package Reference | groups identified several ‘best practices’ | ||
Information Provides one or more | and standards desired, including: | ||
identifiers, or systems of identifiers, by | Recommended data ingest methodology Best | ||
which the Content Information may be | practices for digitizing analogue data | ||
uniquely identified Fixity Information | Best practices for media selection, | ||
Protects the Content Information from | testing and usage Best practices for error | ||
undocumented alteration. | control through the archive Archival | ||
30 | Example of Preservation Description | Submission Information Package standard | |
Information. Content Information Type. | Consumer Archive Interface standard Unique | ||
Reference. Provenance. Context. Fixity. | Archival Information Package Identifier | ||
Space Science Data Bibliographic | standard AIP Content Layered Model and | ||
Information Software Package. Object | Standard APIs report Plenary recommended a | ||
Identifier Journal Reference Mission, | coordination function be established | ||
instrument, and title attribute set ISBN | Promote the reference model Promote | ||
Title Author Name Author Version number | coordination of work on best practices and | ||
Serial Number. Instrument Description | standards Promote development of an | ||
Processing History Sensor Description | archive accreditation method. | ||
Instrument Instrument mode Decommutation | 56 | AWIICS Conclusions. A diverse | |
map Software Interface Specifications | community of science data centers, | ||
Printing history Copyright Position in | libraries, electronic records and | ||
series Manuscripts References Revision | traditional archives sees the benefit, and | ||
Histroy License holder Registration | is willing to participate, in developing | ||
Copyright. Calibration history Related | standards in the following areas: Ingest | ||
data sets Mission Funding history Related | Methodology for producer interactions with | ||
References Dewy Decimal System Publishing | the archive Certification of digital | ||
Data Publisher Help file User Guide | archives and preservation methodology | ||
Related Software Language. CRC Checksum | Access scenarios and derived requirements | ||
Reed-Solomon coding Author Digital | for identification of, and access to, | ||
signature Cover Certificate Checksum | archived information. | ||
Encryption CRC. | 57 | Reference Model Status. Ultimate | |
31 | Descriptive Information. Contain the | success of OAIS Reference Model effort | |
data that serves as the input to documents | depends on obtaining adequate review and | ||
or applications called Access Aids. Access | comment CCSDS Reference Model Red Book | ||
Aids can be used by a consumer to locate, | released August 1999 | ||
analyze, retrieve, or order information | http://ssdoo.gsfc.nasa.gov/nost/isoas/ref_ | ||
from the OAIS. | odel.html ISO Draft International Standard | ||
32 | Packaging Information. Information | (DIS) expected May 2000 Same content as | |
which, either actually or logically, binds | CCSDS Red Book Held up by ISO TC20 | ||
and relates the components of the package | secretariat backlog Comments are actively | ||
into an identifiable entity on specific | solicited Participate in various ways: ISO | ||
media Examples of Packaging Information | TC20/SC 13 review in your country CCSDS | ||
include tape marks, directory structures | review by your space agency Send comments | ||
and filenames. | to donald.sawyer@gsfc.nasa.gov All | ||
33 | OAIS Archival Information Package. | comments will be considered and | |
Archival Information Package (AIP). | non-editorial comments will get a | ||
Packaging Information. Package Descriptor. | response. | ||
ISO Reference Model For an Open Archival Information System (OAIS) Tutorial Presentation Lou Reich CSC Don Sawyer NASANSSDC May 2000.ppt |
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