LANGUAGE AND CULTURE |
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LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
ñîäåðæàíèå ïðåçåíòàöèè «LANGUAGE AND CULTURE.ppt»| Ñë | Òåêñò | Ñë | Òåêñò |
| 1 | LANGUAGE AND CULTURE. | 67 | ALTAIC LANGUAGES. |
| 2 | CULTURE: integrated human knowledge, | 68 | ALTAIC LANGUAGES: TURKIC Turkish (83 |
| belief and behaviour, which depends on the | millions), Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, | ||
| capacity of symbolic thought and social | Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uigur, Chuvash | ||
| learning (pan-human or shared by different | (Bulgarian), Yakut (360.000) MONGOLIAN | ||
| groups). LANGUAGE is a system of (verbal) | Mongolian (Khalka), Kalmyk, Buryat | ||
| signs embedded in social and cultural | TUNGISIC Evenki, Manchu. | ||
| reality of language users. The structures | 69 | TYPOLOGY vowel harmony agglutination | |
| of language reflect (and shape?) COGNITIVE | SOV word order. Vowel harmony: result of | ||
| STRUCTURES. CULTURE MIND LANGUAGE. | distant assimilation of vowels in | ||
| 3 | LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS : All languages | neighbouring syllables – adjustment of the | |
| share the same universal matrix of | vowels in the bound morpheme to the vowel | ||
| syntactic patterns and | in the stem Turkish ev ‘house’ - ev-ler | ||
| generative-transformational rules. | ‘houses’ kadin ‘woman’ - kadin-lar | ||
| LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY: 1. Languages, | ‘women’. Agglutination: ev – N. Sg. ev-i | ||
| especially those genetically unrelated, | D. sg. ev-ler N. pl. ev-ler-i D. pl. | ||
| differ significantly. 2. The structure and | 70 | SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGES CHINESE | |
| the lexicon of a language reflect and | LANGUAGES TIBETO-BURMAN LANGUAGES. | ||
| affect the cognitive processes and | 71 | CHINESE CHARACTERS (h?nzi). | |
| conceptualization of reality. | 72 | PHONO-SEMANTIC COMPOUNDS radical + | |
| 4 | LANGUAGE DIVERSITY 6.000-7.000 | phonetic clue mother = woman + “sounds | |
| languages in the world Languages by the | like horse”. | ||
| number of speakers: Mandarine Chines e | 73 | ||
| 847,000.000 Hindi 366,000.000 English | 74 | CHINESE LANGUAGES Han languages - | |
| 341,000.000 Spanish 330.000,000 Bengali | H?ny? W?n-y?n – 1500 BC – logographic | ||
| Arabic Portuguese Russian Japanese German | writing system B?ihu? – 1917 reformed | ||
| …. 2000 languages – less than 1000 | languages (written) Simplified Chinese – | ||
| speakers. | since 1956 (2.238 characters simplified) | ||
| 5 | Distribution/concentration of | P?t?ngu? ‘common language’ -1949 – spoken | |
| languages: English – official language in | standardized language based on Mandarin | ||
| 52 countries 900 languages on Papua New | (official in China and Taiwan, Singapore | ||
| Guinea (5-10 million people) high density | and UN) Mandarin (850) Cantonese (Yue) | ||
| also in Caucasus, (Native) California… ? | (70) – Guangong, Hong Kong, Macau, | ||
| of languages no longer used by children | overseas Wu (90) - Shanghai Min (50) – | ||
| 1/3 of languages less than 1000 speakers | Taiwan (Taiwanese), Southeast Asia Hakka - | ||
| English: 615.000 non-technical words (over | southern China, Xiang – Hunan (central | ||
| 2,000.000, if slang and techical words | China)…. | ||
| added) (imported from more than 240 | 75 | ||
| languages) average use in daily speech | 76 | Typology of Chinese languages | |
| 800-1000 words college graduates | isolating languages SVO tonal languages | ||
| 10.000-20.000. | classifiers. In isolating languages free | ||
| 6 | Where does all this diversity come | morphemes prevail. Words are mostly | |
| from? Franz Boas (1858-1942), | monomorphemic. khi t?i d?n nh? ban t?i, | ||
| anthropologist “Since the total range of | ch?ng t?i b?t d?u l?m b?i. when I come | ||
| personal experience which language serves | house friend I plural I begin do lesson | ||
| to express is infinitely varied, and its | article. | ||
| whole scope must be expressed by a limited | 77 | Tonal languages have tonemes, i. e. | |
| number of phonetic groups, it is obvious | phonemes which differe only in the | ||
| that an extended classification of | register (pitch) and/or its contour | ||
| experience must underline all articulate | (shift). Tonal languages: Chinese, Thai, | ||
| speech.”. | Vietnamese, sub-Saharan African languages, | ||
| 7 | Where does all this diversity come | Native American languages. ??????????????? | |
| from? Different languages – different | IPA: /m?i m?i m?i m?i/ "Does new silk | ||
| implicit classification of experience: | burn?“ (Thai tong-twister). | ||
| Inuit: aput ‘snow on the ground’ qana | ????????/???????? Pinyin: m?ma m? m? de m? | ||
| ‘falling snow’ piqsirpoq ‘drifting snow’ | ma? "Is mom scolding the horse's | ||
| qimuqsuq ‘snow drift’ Linguistic | hemp?“ (Mandarin). | ||
| classifications reflect, not dictate | 78 | Classifers are morphemes which refer | |
| thought. | to some innate semantic feature of the | ||
| 8 | Edward Sapir (1884-1939), | content word they are used with. They can | |
| anthropologist-linguist. formal | be used with different word classes. | ||
| completeness of each language as a | Classifier languages: Chinese, Thai, | ||
| symbolic system: | Australian languages, Mayan… Murrinhpatha | ||
| 9 | “The outstanding fact about any | (Australian): Nanti kamarl : C:generic + | |
| language is its formal completeness [...] | eye = eye Kura kamarl : C:water + eye = | ||
| [W]e may say that a language is so | pond Mi kamarl: C:non-meat food + eye = | ||
| constructed that no matter what any | seed. Nominal: (Yidini) bama waguja: | ||
| speaker of it may desire to communicate | C:human + man Numerical: (Thai) luuk saam | ||
| [...] the language is prepared to do his | khon: child + three-C:human Verbal: | ||
| work.” “The Hopi language is capable of | (Waris) sa ka-m put-ra-ho-o coconut + me + | ||
| accounting for and describing | C:kokos + meni + C:round + give …. | ||
| correctly...all observable phenomena of | 79 | Chinese classifers (measure words) | |
| the universe... Just as it is possible to | between numerals/demonstratives and nouns. | ||
| have any number of geometries other than | general classifer, books, flat objects, | ||
| the Euclidean”. Linguistic classifications | animals, large buildings and mountains, | ||
| channel thought: “ Language is guide to | domestic animals, long and flexible | ||
| social reality [...] Human beings do not | animals, horses… ?w? five. ?t?u CL. ?ni? | ||
| live in the objective world alone [...] | cattle. | ||
| but are very much at the mercy of the | 80 | JAPANESE many typological | |
| particular language which has become the | characteristic of Altaic languages | ||
| medium of expression for their society | (agglutination, SOV word order) Chinese | ||
| [...] No two languages are ever | influence – lexicon, writing system | ||
| sufficiently similar to be considered as | Chinese characters – kanji (< hanzi) | ||
| representing the same social reality...«. | (several thousands) 2 syllabaries: kana | ||
| 10 | Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) known | scripts: katakana, hiragana (46 basic | |
| for his descriptions of Nahuatl, Hopi, | characters each) Latin script: romaji. | ||
| Mayan and other native American languages | 81 | ? ?? ??? ???? JAPANESE many | |
| the need for calibration – objective | typological characteristic of Altaic | ||
| non-linguistic evaluation (physical | languages (agglutination, SOV word order) | ||
| sciences?) “The very natural tendency to | Chinese influence – lexicon, writing | ||
| use terms derived from traditional | system Chinese characters – kanji 2 | ||
| grammar, like verb, noun, adjective, | syllabaries: kana script: katakana, | ||
| passive voice, in describing languages | hiragana Latin script: romaji: Watashi-wa | ||
| outside of Indo-European is fraught with | kissaten-de koohi-o nam-da. | ||
| grave possibilities of misunderstanding”. | 82 | JAPANESE many typological | |
| 11 | “We cut nature up, organize it into | characteristic of Altaic languages | |
| concepts, and ascribe significances as we | (agglutination, SOV word order) Chinese | ||
| do, largely because we are parties to an | influence – lexicon, writing system | ||
| agreement to organize it in this way – an | Chinese characters – kanji 2 syllabaries: | ||
| agreement that holds throughout our speech | kana script: katakana, hiragana Latin | ||
| community and is codified in the patterns | script: romaji WATASHI wa KISSATEN de | ||
| of our language. The agreement is, of | koohi o NAM da. | ||
| course, and implicit and unstated one, but | 83 | HONORIFICS grammatical or | |
| its terms are absolutely obligatory…” | morphosyntactic encoding of the relative | ||
| Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis = the structure of | social status of the addressee the | ||
| a language affects the way in which its | referent the bystander the circumstances | ||
| speakers conceptualize the World. | Examples: T-V distinction in many | ||
| 12 | Categorization of the World comparison | Indo-European languages 3 different | |
| of things (phenomena) that are not alike | linguistic “styles” in Japanese, 4 in | ||
| but similar in (at least) one important | Javanese and Nahuatl, 6 in Korean… | ||
| way conceptual metaphor source domain | “avoidance speech”: Australian, | ||
| (more concrete > target domain (more | Austranesian, American, Cushitic and Bantu | ||
| abstract) metaphor mapping: = a systematic | languages (e.g. different words used in | ||
| set of correspondences that exist between | the presence of opposite sex | ||
| constituent elements of the source and the | parents-in-law, children-in-law, | ||
| target domain […] To know a conceptual | cross-cousins in Dyrbal). | ||
| metaphor is to know the set of mappings | 84 | Honorifics in English: Mr,, Mrs., Ms,. | |
| that applies to a given source-target | Miss, Doctor, Captain, Coach, Officer, | ||
| pairing. Time is a path. I fear the days | Reverend, Father, Professor… Sir, Madam, | ||
| ahead. Time is money. Don’t waste my time. | Your Honour, Your Majesty, Your Highness | ||
| 13 | Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson | (below royalty) Your Excellency (heads of | |
| (1980) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: | state, ambassadors, governors, bishops) | ||
| University of Chicago Press How does one’s | Your Eminence (cardinals). | ||
| conceptualization (categorization) of the | 85 | HONORIFIC SPEECH - KEIGO polite | |
| world become culture? (integrated human | language: TEI NEIGO desu at the end of the | ||
| knowledge, belief and behaviour, which | sentence, masu at the end of the verb, | ||
| depends on the capacity of symbolic | prefixes o- or go- for nouns used by | ||
| thought and social learning (pan-human or | television presenters, the “safest” form | ||
| shared by different groups). memetic | to be learned by non-native speakers | ||
| theory: culture and language united by | respectful language: SON KEIGO special | ||
| memes: meme > Greek m?m?ma ‘something | forms or words used, lengthy polite | ||
| imitated’ Richard Dawkings, The Selfish | expressions, e.g taberu ‘eat’, nomu | ||
| Gene (1976) “Culture is an aggregate of | ‘drink’ > meshiagaru hito ‘person’ > | ||
| many different meme sets or memeplexes | kata: ? > ? when talking about/to | ||
| shared by the majority of population. | superiors and customers; not used when | ||
| Language – created by memes and for memes | referring to oneself. in business, | ||
| is [also] the principal medium used for | professional capacity humble language: KEN | ||
| spreading memes.”. | YOOGO similar to respectful language but | ||
| 14 | Cultural schemas/frames Did you hear | used when referring to oneself. | |
| that the guy who the police were looking | 86 | HONORIFIC WORDS/particles, added to | |
| for’s red Cortina got stolen? Will they | nouns or names chan – children, pets, | ||
| deny that a nun who your shopkeeper was | close friends little girls kun – people of | ||
| chatting up’s large settee got replicated? | lower social status, boys san – the most | ||
| c) No head injury is too trivial to | common marker of respect (Mr. Mrs, also | ||
| ignore. | for family members) sama – ‘esteemed’ | ||
| 15 | “Grammar is thick with cultural | sensei – ‘master, teacher’. | |
| meaning. Encoded in the semantics of | 87 | LANGUAGES IN SOUTH AND SOUTH-EASTERN | |
| grammar we find cultural values and ideas, | ASIA INDIA Indo-European languages (Hindi, | ||
| we find clues about the social | Urdu, Bengali…) Dravidian languages. | ||
| structures.” N. J. Enfield: Ethnosyntax. | 88 | LANGUAGES IN SOUTH AND SOUTH-EASTERN | |
| Explorations in Grammar and Culture. OUP | ASIA INDIA Indo-European languages (Hindi, | ||
| 2002. | Urdu, Bengali…) Dravidian languages | ||
| 16 | LANGUAGE FAMILIES AND LANGUAGE | INDOCHINA Sino-Tibetan languages (> | |
| TYPOLOGY. | Tibeto-Burmese > Burmese) Tai languages | ||
| 17 | EUROPE. | (Thai, Lao/Laotian) Austro-Asiatic | |
| 18 | EUROPE. Indo-European Uralic | languages (Khmer, Mon, Vietnamese?). | |
| (Ugro-Finnic) Altaic Basque Semitic. | 89 | LANGUAGES IN AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA | |
| 19 | INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES from the | AUSTRALIA Indo-European languages | |
| Indo-Eropean Parent language, spoken about | (English) Australian Aboriginal languages; | ||
| 5000-3000 AD in south-eastern Russia | Tasmanian languages. | ||
| patriarchal society > kinship terms, | 90 | 27 language families 150 languages | |
| masculine pantheon social stratification: | many ergative mother-in-law (avoidance) | ||
| slave < ‘warrior’, ‘man’ wulf, birch, | languages skin system taboo against naming | ||
| beech, bear cow, dog, plough, seed. | the dead (a year or more) sign languages. | ||
| 20 | inflectional language(s) nouns: 3 | 91 | LANGUAGES IN AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA |
| numbers + collective (?) – drevje : | INDIAN OCEAN, INDONESIA, MALESIA, PACIFIC | ||
| drevesa 3 genders 8 or 9 cases: | OCEAN Austronesian languages: Formosan, | ||
| nominative, vocative, accusative, | Malagasy, Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, | ||
| genitive, dative, ablative, locative, | Filipino (Tagalog), Maori, Samoan, | ||
| directive (?) instrumental verbs: | Tahitian, Hawaiian, Tongic… . Papuan | ||
| tense/aspect: present, imperfect, aorist, | languages 800 languages, 60 families, only | ||
| perfect, pluperfect, future mood: | a few more than 100.000 speakers | ||
| indicative, imperative, subjunctive, | polysynthetic some are tonal PIDGIN AND | ||
| optative voice: active, middle persons: 3. | CREOLE LANGUAGES. | ||
| 21 | Indo-Iranian languages: Indic: Vedic, | 92 | PIDGIN AND CREOLE LANGUAGES |
| Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, Romany… | SOCIO-LINGUISTIC DEFINITION: pidgin: | ||
| chakra, ashram, guru, karma, caste | auxiliary language, emerging where more | ||
| Iranian:Avestan, Iranian, Pashto, Kurdic, | than two languages in contact, no native | ||
| Ossetic, Tadjik… Balkan (‘upper house’), | speakers, the use restricted to certain | ||
| Bagdad (‘given by God’), balcony, caravan, | fields of life (e.g. trade) creole: first | ||
| candy, dervish, mag(ic), paradise. | language of communication GEOGRAPHIC | ||
| 22 | Armenian attested from 5th c. AD Bible | DISTRIBUTION: Pacific and Indian Ocean, | |
| translation by St Mesrob Grabar – | Australia, West Africa, Caribean islands, | ||
| classical Armenian Armenian Apostolic | South America… | ||
| Church Christianity as national religion | 93 | LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS: lexifier | |
| (301) language: strong Iranian influence, | language, common grammatical features | ||
| convergeance with Caucasic languages | pidgin: the number of grammatical | ||
| glottalized consonants (ejectives). | categories reduced, the encodement | ||
| 23 | Albanian descended from Illyrian? | transparent, poor morphology creole: | |
| Thracian? Ptolomy (150 AD) – Illyrian | reassertion of grammatical categories, | ||
| tribe Albani Middle Ages – Arb?r, Arb?resh | grammaticalization of lexemes, basic | ||
| 16th c. - Shqip?ria ‘land of eagles’(?) | morphology Tok Pisin: balus ‘bird’ kaikai | ||
| shqip ‘understand each other’ Arnaut – | ‘eat’ bubu ‘great parent/child’ lotu | ||
| Turkish name. | ‘church’ rokrok ‘frog’ tambu ‘in-laws’ | ||
| 24 | 1190 – independent state Gheg – since | (< taboo) pikinini ‘child’ kantiri | |
| 16th c. (north) Tosk – official Albanian | ‘sister’s child, uncle’. | ||
| (south). | 94 | belo kaikai belhat manki gras bilong | |
| 25 | Baltic languages: Latvian, Lithuanian, | fes gras no gut maus gras sit haus, liklik | |
| Old Prussian (extinct). | haus haus moni manmeri solwara gat bel | ||
| 26 | Anyone wishing to hear how | hevi. | |
| Indo-Europeans spoke should come and | 95 | Papa bilong mipela, Yu stap long | |
| listen to a Lithuanian peasant. (Antoine | heven. Nem bilong yu i mas i stap holi. | ||
| Meillet) pitch accent, free accent two | Kingdom bilong yu i mas i kam. Strongim | ||
| grammatical genders (masculine and | mipela long bihainim laik bilong yu long | ||
| feminine). | graun, olsem ol i bihainim long heven. | ||
| 27 | Slavic (Slavonic) languages: Eastern | Givim mipela kaikai inap long tude. | |
| branch: Russian, Ukranian, Belarusian | Pogivim rong bilong mipela, olsem mipela i | ||
| Western branch: Polish, Czech, Slovakian, | pogivim ol arapela i mekim rong long | ||
| Sorbian Southern branch: Old Church | mipela. Sambai long mipela long taim | ||
| Slavonic (extinct), Bulgarian, Macedonian, | bilong traim. Na rausim olgeta samting | ||
| Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian. | nogut long mipela. Kingdom na strong na | ||
| 28 | GREEK LANGUAGE(S) Minoan civilization | glori, em i bilong yu tasol oltaim | |
| on Crete (settled 128.000 BC, signs of | oltaim.Tru. | ||
| agriculture 5000 BC) named by Arthur Evans | 96 | decreolisation: basilect mezolect | |
| Linear A Minoan eruption (Thera, | acrolect. | ||
| Santorinin) - 2nd millenium BC, tsunami. | 97 | LANGUAGES IN AFRICA. | |
| 29 | 98 | AFRO-ASIATIC languages (Hamito-Semitic | |
| 30 | Minoan eruption – Thera (Santorini) | languages) Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, | |
| ashes, tsunami, deforestation Mycenaean | Chadic, Omotic, Egyptian. | ||
| conquest. | 99 | 8th BC – Aramaic becomes the common | |
| 31 | Mycenean Greek – Linear B Ancient | language of communication in the Middle | |
| Greek: Aeolic Ionic (Asia Minor, Attic) | East > after 3rd BC, also the spoken | ||
| Doric Greek alphabet < Phoenician | language of Jews Hebrew remains the | ||
| syllabary Katharevousa Hellenistic Koin? | literary and liturgical language of Jews | ||
| > modern Greek Demotic (official in | 19th c. – Eliezer ben Yehuda – 4000 new | ||
| Greece, Cyprus). | words, 1959 dictionary of modern Hebrew – | ||
| 32 | CELTS AND CELTIC LANGUAGES. core | Ivrit Arabic – until 7th c. on the Arabian | |
| territory – 6th century BC. maximal | penninsula – with expansion of Islam 8th | ||
| expansion by 275 BC. | c. > northern Africa, Spain, India… 610 | ||
| 33 | CELTIC LANGUAGES (insular Celtic) | – Muhammad recieved revelations by Gabriel | |
| Brythonic: Welsh (Cymric) Cornish Breton | (Jibril) Koran (Quran) – classical Arabic | ||
| Gaelic: Irish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Manx. | > modern literary Arabic algebra, | ||
| 34 | Brehon Law – the early Celtic law | alcohol, alchemy, zenith, nadir, zero, | |
| women’s rights to property, the king’s | cipher… | ||
| position and duties, status grading of | 100 | ||
| clerics, lay men and poets, payment for | 101 | Amharic – Ethiopia, (from Ge’ez). | |
| injury, sick maintenance…. | 102 | Typology of Semitic languages | |
| 35 | linguistic typology of Celtic | introflection | |
| languages: V-S-O order consonant mutation | (nonconcatanative/discontinuous | ||
| vigesimal numeric system. 20 as the base | morphology) kit?b "book" kutub | ||
| number: French (quatre-vingts) Resian | "books" k?tib "writer" | ||
| dialect of Slovene (trikart dwesti nu | kutt?b "writers" kataba "he | ||
| deset) English (score). | wrote" yaktubu "he writes" | ||
| 36 | counting base: no base (Melanisia: | VSO word order some dialects only 3 vowels | |
| thumb, wrist, elbow, shoulder…) | most dialects 3 numbers 2 genders – | ||
| quarternary: (Maori, Papua New Guinea, | masculine and feminine. | ||
| other Austronesian languages) quinary: | 103 | Berber, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, | |
| sub-base of vigesimal systems octal: | Egyptian (formerly Hamitic languages). | ||
| American languages vigesimal: Mayan, | 104 | NIGER-CONGO LANGUAGES. | |
| Nahualt, Celtic…. decimal, duodecimal… | 105 | Niger-Congo (1350) Yoruba, Fula, Akan | |
| 37 | GERMANIC LANGUAGES (expansion of the | BANTU languages (535, 250 mutually | |
| territory from 750 BC and 200 A). | intelligible) Cameroon (proto-Bantu | ||
| 38 | Western: Northern: German Danish | language) 2000-3000 years ago eastward and | |
| Yiddish Faroese Plattdeutsch (Low German) | southward Swahili Xhosa Zulu Rwanda Swazi | ||
| Islandic Swiss German (Alemannic) | Kongo Shona Ndebele… | ||
| Norwegian (Nynorsk, Bokmal) Dutch Swedish | 106 | Class languages. Swahili: class. | |
| Afrikaans Flemish Frisian English Scots | semantics. prefix. singular. translation. | ||
| Eastern: Gothic Vandalic …. | plural. 1, 2. persons. m-/mu-, wa-. mtu. | ||
| 39 | GOTHS migration from the Baltic to the | person. watu. 3, 4. trees, natural forces. | |
| Black Sea Wulfila (4th c. AD) Crimean | m-/mu-, mi-. mti. tree. miti. 5, 6. | ||
| Gothic. | groups, AUG. ?/ji-, ma-. jicho. eye. | ||
| 40 | Ostrogothic and Visigothic attacks on | macho. 7, 8. artefacts, DIM. ki-, vi-. | |
| the Roman Empire. Visigoths – in Iberia | kisu. knife. visu. 9, 10. animals, | ||
| (till 711) Ostrogoths – In Italy | loanwords, other. ?/n-, ?/n-. ndoto. | ||
| (493-553). | dream. ndoto. 11, 12. extension. u-, ?/n-. | ||
| 41 | Gothic art. | ua. fence, yard. nyua. 14. abstraction. | |
| 42 | Noth Germanic languagaes: Old Norse | u-. utoto. childhood. | |
| > eastern (Swedish, Danish) western | 107 | AGREEMENT, CONCORD AGGLUTINATION. | |
| (Norwegian > Faroese, Icelandic) | Mtoto mdogo amekisoma. ‘a small child has | ||
| Dansk-Norsk, Riksmal, Bokmal Landnorsk, | read it’ Watoto wadogo wamekisoma ‘small | ||
| Nynorsk. | children have read it’ amekisoma: a = | ||
| 43 | West Germanic languages Bavarian | class marker of the subject me = perfect | |
| Alemanic High German High Franconian | tense ki = class marker of the object | ||
| Frankish Low Franconian Dutch North Sea | (< kitabu ‘book’) soma = root morpheme | ||
| (Ingvaeonic) Frisian English Saxon (Low | ‘read’. | ||
| German, Plattdeutsch). | 108 | KHOISAN LANGUAGES. | |
| 44 | ROMANCE LANGUGES. | 109 | Khoi-Khoi ‘first people’ Khoi-Khoi |
| 45 | Italic languages: first attested in | > many speak Bantu languages Nama | |
| 7th c. BC in old Italic script on the | (Namibia), a.k.a. Hottentot San | ||
| basis of Etruscan/Greek alphabet. | ‘outsiders’, Bushmen Kalahari, about | ||
| 46 | Oscan , Umbrian, Latin Archaic Latin | 75.000 still hunters gatherers land | |
| (7th-2nd c. BC): scattered inscriptions, | conflict with Botswana. Clicks | ||
| Plautus, Terence, Cato the Elder… | reduplication for plural 3 tones 3 | ||
| Classical Latin (Golden and Silver Age): | genders, feminine and masculine nouns 3 | ||
| Cicero, Caesar, Horace, Vergil, Ovid, | numbers, neuter nouns 2 numbers SOV. | ||
| Seneca… Vulgar Latin (spoken Latin, from | 110 | Native American languages 45.000 – | |
| 3rd c.) > Romance languages: | 14.000 BC across the Beringia land bridge | ||
| Gallo-Romance languages: French (attested | one wave, several waves? | ||
| since 9th c.): langue d’o?l, langue d’oc | 111 | Native American languages 45.000 – | |
| Central French, Norman French | 14.000 BC across the Beringia land bridge | ||
| (Anglo-Norman), Walloon Occitan > | one wave, several waves? macro families | ||
| Proven?al Corsican? | (Joseph Greenberg) Eskimo-Aleut Na-Dene | ||
| 47 | Ibero-Romance languages: Spanish | Amerind. | |
| Castilian (standard Spanish), attested | 112 | preColumbian America: over 1500 | |
| since 11th c. Catalan (official language | languages, 10 million in North America, 30 | ||
| in Andorra, co-official in Catalonia, | million Central America 50 million South | ||
| Balearic Islands and Valencia, spoken also | America today: North America: 200.000 | ||
| in Alghero on Sardinia) Portuguese Ladino | speakers Central America: 6 million | ||
| (Judaeo-Spanish) Italian (since 10th c. – | speakers South America: 12 million | ||
| dialects of Tuscany) Sardinian? | speakers Most populous: Navajo, Inuit, | ||
| Rhaeto-Romance languages: Ladin Friulian | Nahuatl, Mayan, Quechua Aymara, Guarani… | ||
| Romansch Istriot? Romanian. | Mayan – 6 million Nahuatl – 1,5 million | ||
| 48 | ETRUSCAN. Tusci, Etrusci (Latin) | Guarani – 5 million Quechua – 6-7 million | |
| Tyrrennioi (Greek) Rassena, Rasna | Navajo – 170.000 speakers. | ||
| (Etruscan) since 8th c. BC – 3rd c. BC. | 113 | History of Native American – European | |
| 49 | BASQUE LANGUAGE – EUSKARA Basque | relations. Columbus: “They traded with us | |
| country – Euskal Herria: Spanish-French | and gave us everything they had, with good | ||
| border 700.000 speakers, most bilingual, | will..they took great delight in pleasing | ||
| the first printed book in 1545 Basque | us..They are very gentle and without | ||
| language unrelated to any other known | knowledge of what is evil; nor do they | ||
| language DNA shows close relations to | murder or steal..Your highness may believe | ||
| other Europeans. | that in all the world there can be no | ||
| 50 | ergative-absolutive language complex | better people ..They love their neighbours | |
| agreement system: the auxiliary agrees | as themselves, and they have the sweetest | ||
| with the subject, direct and indirect | talk in the world, and are gentle and | ||
| object very complex nominal paradigm, (9 | always laughing”… | ||
| cases, 2 numbers, postpositioned article). | 114 | Leyes de Burgos 1512 Leyes nuevas | |
| 51 | ergative-absolutive languages. It | 1542: forbade maltreatment, endorsed | |
| rains. PREDICATEverb. He kicked the ball. | conversion to Catholicism, pregnant women | ||
| He sleeps. He gave her a flower. VALENCY - | protected hammock provided, meat on | ||
| THE NUMBER OF | Sundays, sacred dances allowed, no | ||
| ARGUMENTS/ACTANTS/COPMPLEMENTS CONTROLLED | physical abuse allowed… typhus, influenza, | ||
| BY THE PREDICATE. | smallpox, measles… | ||
| 52 | impersonal – no argument It rains. | 115 | Indian Removal Act – 1830 (Andrew |
| intransitive – one argument He sleeps. | Jackson) Trail of Tears | ||
| verb. transitive – two arguments He kicked | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nfo_LnuDJ1c | ||
| the ball. He gave her a flower | amp;feature=related. | ||
| ditransitive – three arguments. | 116 | Pine Ridge Reservation, Wounded Knee | |
| 53 | ARGUMENTS HAVE SEMANTIC ROLES: agent, | incident in 1973. | |
| patient, recipient, beneficiary, | 117 | Indian Self-Determination and | |
| means/instrument…. impersonal – no | Education Assistance Act of 1975. | ||
| argument It rains. intransitive – one | 118 | Eskimo-Aleut: Inuit, Inuktikut, | |
| argument He sleeps AGENT. verb. transitive | Kalaallisut (Greenlandic)… Na-Dene | ||
| – two arguments He kicked the ball AGENT, | Athabascan Navajo, Apache Amerind | ||
| PATIENT. He gave her a flower ditransitive | Algonquian: Cree, Algonquin, Blackfoot, | ||
| – three arguments AGENT, RECIPIENT, | Ojibwe, Shawnee.. Siouan: Sioux (Dakota, | ||
| PATIENT. | Lakota), Crow Iroquian: Iroquois, | ||
| 54 | semantic roles grammatical (syntactic) | Cherokee, Chocktaw… Uto-Aztek: Nahuatl | |
| function agent, doer subject instrument | Mayan: Mayan, Yucatec Arawakan, Caribean | ||
| subject recepient indirect object | Andean: Quechua, Aymara, Guarani. | ||
| benefactor patient direct object …. ROLE | 119 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
| ASSIGNEMENT – SYNTACTIC OR MORPHOLOGICAL. | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes. | ||
| 55 | ROLE ALIGNMENT ergative - absolutive : | 120 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi |
| nominative – accusative intransitive | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes | ||
| agent/subject intransitive agent/subject | polysynthetic. | ||
| transitive patient/object transitive | 121 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
| agent/subject ABSOLUTIVE CASE NOMINATIVE | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes | ||
| CASE transitive agent/subject transitive | polysynthetic ergative. | ||
| patient/object ERGATIVE CASE ACCUSATIVE | 122 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
| CASE Basque: Gizona etorri da. Gizonak | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes | ||
| mutila ikusi du. man-ABS arrived-AUX | polysynthetic ergative classifiers. | ||
| man-ERG boy-ABS saw-AUX Japanese Otoko ga | 123 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
| tsuita. Otoko ga kodomo o mita man-NOM | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes tonemes | ||
| arrived man-NOM child-ACC saw. | polysynthetic ergative classifiers | ||
| 56 | ergative languages: Basque Caucasian | alienable/inalienable possession animacy | |
| (Kartvelian=Georgian) Tibetan Native | marking many mood, tense and aspect | ||
| American (Chinook, Eskimo-Aleut, Mayan) | distinctions. | ||
| Australian. | 124 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
| 57 | URALIC LANGUAGES. | v20. from Nahuatl: Nimitzt?tlamaquilt?z | |
| 58 | URALIC LANGUAGES proto-Uralic (the | ni-mits-te?-tla-maki-lti?-s' | |
| Ural Mountains) UGRO-FINNIC Finnic: | I-you-someone-something-give-CAUSATIVE-FUT | ||
| Finnish, Estonian, Sami (Lappish) Ugric: | RE "I shall make somebody give | ||
| Hungarian SAMOYEDIC. | something to you"[6]. | ||
| 59 | FINNISH (SUOMI) official language in | 125 | Classifier+Stem. Label . Explanation. |
| Finland Finland settled at least 8500 BC | Examples. -'? SRO. Solid Roundish Object. | ||
| Swedish rule from 12th century – 1249 | bottle, ball, boot, box, etc. -y? LPB. | ||
| Swedish – the dominant language of higher | Load, Pack, Burden. backpack, bundle, | ||
| classes 17th century – Sweden and Russia | sack, saddle, etc. -?-jool. NCM. | ||
| fought over Finland 1809 – Finland becomes | Non-Compact Matter. bunch of hair or | ||
| an autonomous Great Duchy of Russia | grass, cloud, fog, etc. -l? SFO. Slender | ||
| Finnish language gains recognition | Flexible Object. rope, mittens, socks, | ||
| Kalevala – 1835 (Elias L?nnrot) | pile of fried onions, etc. -t? SSO. | ||
| independence delared on December 6, 1917. | Slender Stiff Object. arrow, bracelet, | ||
| 60 | FINNISH (SUOMI) official language in | skillet, saw, etc. -?-tsooz. FFO. Flat | |
| Finland Finland settled at least 8500 BC | Flexible Object. blanket, coat, sack of | ||
| Swedish rule from 12th century – 1249 | groceries, etc. -t???'. MM. Mushy Matter. | ||
| Swedish – the dominant language of higher | ice cream, mud, slumped-over drunken | ||
| classes 17th century – Sweden and Russia | person, etc. -nil. PLO1. Plural Objects 1. | ||
| fought over Finland 1809 – Finland becomes | eggs, balls, animals, coins, etc. -jaa'. | ||
| an autonomous Great Duchy of Russia | PLO2. Plural Objects 2. marbles, seeds, | ||
| Finnish language gains recognition | sugar, bugs, etc. -k? OC. Open Container. | ||
| Kalevala – 1835 (Elias L?nnrot) | glass of milk, spoonful of food, handful | ||
| independence delared on December 6, 1917. | of flour, etc. -?-t? ANO. Animate Object. | ||
| 61 | SAMI. Sapmi area: settlements since | microbe, person, corpse, doll, etc. | |
| 10.000 BC fishermen, raindeer hunters, | 126 | Mayan numeral classifiers: untek wop – | |
| since 1500 raindeer herders 19th, 20th | jahuacte tree - tek = plant unts’it wop – | ||
| century: pressure to wipe out Sami culture | a stick from that tree ts’it = elongated | ||
| (Norwegian names, language, sterilization | object. | ||
| of Sami women in Sweden… logging, mineral | 127 | Mayan numeral classifiers: untek wop – | |
| mining, military activitities, Chernobyl… | jahuacte tree - tek = plant unts’it wop – | ||
| 9 varieties of Sami language: Northern | a stick from that tree ts’it = elongated | ||
| Sami (15000), the rest 3500 (400-600). | object. Animacy scale in Navajo: | ||
| 62 | HUNGARIAN – Ugric language Pannonia | humans/lightning ? infants/big animals ? | |
| (9th BC – end of 4th AD) – Roman province | mid-size animals ? small animals ? insects | ||
| Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Gepids, Avars | ? natural forces ? inanimate | ||
| and Slaves Magyars led by Arpad – since | objects/plants ? abstractions. | ||
| 895 federation of tribes Saint Stephan I – | 128 | Mayan numeral classifiers: untek wop – | |
| Hungary integrated into feudal Christian | jahuacte tree - tek = plant unts’it wop – | ||
| Europe Latin official language until 19th | a stick from that tree ts’it = elongated | ||
| c. 1200 – funeral oration 1430s – Bible | object contrast between alienable and | ||
| translation 1533 – first printed book | inalienable possession. Animacy scale in | ||
| (letters of St. Paul) agglutinative | Navajo: humans/lightning ? infants/big | ||
| language, up to 18 cases 2 conjugations: | animals ? mid-size animals ? small animals | ||
| definite for transitive, indefinite for | ? insects ? natural forces ? inanimate | ||
| intransitive verbs four levels of | objects/plants ? abstractions. | ||
| politeness kinship terms depend on the | 129 | “wigwam words”. hickory, pecan, | |
| relative age (younger/older) separate | chipmunk, papoose, moose, squaw, igloo, | ||
| prefixes for up to eleventh ancestors and | kayak , pow-wow, moccasin, racoon, | ||
| tenth descendants surname generally comes | tomahawk, totem… chocolate, tomato, | ||
| first. | condor, coke, chili, hammock… | ||
| 63 | SAMOYEDIC (30.000 – 70.000) Nenets. | 130 | Native American toponyms: Arkansas |
| 64 | 17th vs 20th c. | (Arkans - tribe), Oklahoma (red people), | |
| 65 | TYPOLOGY OF URALIC LANGUAGES | Arizona (little springs), Michigan (great | |
| nominative-accusative alignment elaborate | water), Chicago (place of onions), | ||
| case systems agglutination no grammatical | Mississippi (big river), Missouri (person | ||
| gender dual in Samoyedic and Sami | who has a canoe), Utah (mountain top | ||
| languages vowel harmony. | dwellers), Wyoming (place of the big | ||
| 66 | FINNISH NOUN CASES nominative talo | plain), Dakota (another name for Sioux), | |
| house genitive talon of the house | Idaho (tribe), | ||
| accusative talo (object, complete) | 131 | Nebraska (flat river), Texas (via | |
| partitive taloa (object, part, incomplete) | Spanish tejas = friends), Iowa (tribe), | ||
| translative taloksi into (change) a house | Kansas (tribe), Minnesota (cloudy river), | ||
| instructive taloin with, using the house | Illinois (tribe), Ohio (fine river), | ||
| abessive talotta without a house essive | Tennessee (after a Cherokee village | ||
| talona as a house comitative taloineen | Tanase), Kentucky (meadowland), Alabama | ||
| together with the house LOCATIVE internal: | (tribe Alibamon), Wisconsin (gathering of | ||
| inessive talossa in the house elative | waters), Connecticut (beside the long | ||
| talostani from inside of the house | tidal river), Canada (village, community), | ||
| illative taloonsa into the house LOCATIVE | Manitoba (great spirit), Ontario | ||
| external adessive talolla at the house | (beautiful lake), Manhattan (island of | ||
| ablative talolta from the house allative | many hills) etc. | ||
| talolle to the house. | |||
| LANGUAGE AND CULTURE.ppt | |||
http://900igr.net/kartinka/anglijskij-jazyk/language-and-culture-161080.html
cñûëêà íà ñòðàíèöó
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
äðóãèå ïðåçåíòàöèè íà òåìó «LANGUAGE AND CULTURE»
«Êóðñ îáó÷åíèÿ â Language Link» - Îáó÷åíèå çà ðóáåæîì. Äåëîâîé àíãëèéñêèé. Áèçíåñ-àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ öåëåé. Îðãàíèçàöèîííûå ïðåèìóùåñòâà. Ïðåèìóùåñòâà äîêóìåíòîîáîðîòà. Ïåðåâîäû. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ýêçàìåíû. Ïðåèìóùåñòâà îáó÷åíèÿ â Language Link. Ïðîôåññèîíàëèçì Language Link âïîëíå îïðàâäàë íàøè îæèäàíèÿ. Îáùèé àíãëèéñêèé. Îòçûâû êëèåíòîâ.
«ßçûêîâûå êóðñû Net languages» - Ñèñòåìà óðîâíåé è ýêâèâàëåíòû. Íàø ïðîäóêò – êóðñû Net Languages - îáû÷íî âêëþ÷àþò òðè îñíîâíûõ êîìïîíåíòà. Ñêîòò - àâòîð ìíîãèõ ðàáîò, óâåí÷àííûé ìíîãî÷èñëåííûìè íàãðàäàìè. Ôîíä Ìàãèñòð ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò ñîïóòñòâóþùèå óñëóãè ïî îáó÷åíèþ èíîñòðàííûì ÿçûêàì çà ðóáåæîì. Ñâåäåíèÿ î äèðåêòîðå øêîëû Net Languages.
«Öåíòð àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà» - Èçó÷àÿ àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñ íàìè, Âû ñìîæåòå îáùàòüñÿ ñ ëþäüìè. Ìû ðàñøèðèì Âàøè âîçìîæíîñòè ïîëó÷åíèÿ èíôîðìàöèè. Âû ñìîæåòå âñåöåëî íàñëàäèòüñÿ èñêóññòâîì. Âàøå âðåìÿ áåñöåííî. Îáó÷åíèå çà ðóáåæîì. Öåíòð àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Öåíòð àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà «You’re the best». Casual English. Âñå â âàøèõ ðóêàõ. Ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñâîáîäíî Èíòåðíåòîì.
«Êóðñû èçó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà» - Îñíîâû ïðîåêòíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê â ñôåðå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Ïðîïåäåâòè÷åñêèé êóðñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Âû ñìîæåòå ýôôåêòèâíî ðàáîòàòü ñ àíãëîÿçû÷íûìè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûìè ñïðàâî÷íûìè ñèñòåìàìè è áàçàìè äàííûõ â êîìïüþòåðíûõ ñåòÿõ. Àíãëîÿçû÷íûå èíôîðìàöèîííûå ðåñóðñû â ñôåðå ýêîíîìèêè, áèçíåñà è èíôîðìàòèêè.
«English for you» - Òâîè øêîëüíûå ó÷åáíèêè. ENGLISH FOR YOU. Àðòèêëü Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî Ïðåäëîãè. Âñå ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ îçâó÷åíû íîñèòåëÿìè ÿçûêà. Òû íàó÷èøüñÿ ïðàâèëüíî ñòðîèòü ïðåäëîæåíèå. Ìîæåò ëè êîìïüþòåð çàìåíèòü ó÷èòåëÿ? Òû ñìîæåøü ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàòü ñâî¸ ïðîèçíîøåíèå. Òû óáåäèøüñÿ íàñêîëüêî èíòåðåñíûì è çàõâàòûâàþùèì ìîæåò áûòü îáó÷åíèå ÿçûêó.
«Êóðñû àíãëèéñêîãî» - counter. Äîì. Ïî ãîðîäó. ß ðàáîòàþ â Ïàøñêîé ñðåäíåé øêîëå ó÷èòåëåì àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà 9 ëåò. Øêîëà. Ìíîãî âðåìåíè óäåëÿþ âíåêëàññíîé ðàáîòå. Âðåìåíà ãîäà. descendant. Ïðîôåññèÿ. environs. salary. slippery. assembly hall. sultry. chapel. ensemble. “Shopping”. Family. “Sightseeing”. Ó÷åáíî-òåìàòè÷åñêèé ïëàí.
Êóðñû àíãëèéñêîãî
25 ïðåçåíòàöèé î êóðñàõ àíãëèéñêîãî
Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê
29 òåì
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○ Àíãë. ÿçûê äëÿ äåòåé
○ Ó÷åáíèêè ïî àíãë.
○ ÓÌÊ ïî àíãë. ÿçûêó
○ Òåõíîëîãèè íà àíãë.
○ Èãðû ïî àíãë. ÿçûêó
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