LANGUAGE AND CULTURE |
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1 | LANGUAGE AND CULTURE. | 67 | ALTAIC LANGUAGES. |
2 | CULTURE: integrated human knowledge, | 68 | ALTAIC LANGUAGES: TURKIC Turkish (83 |
belief and behaviour, which depends on the | millions), Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, | ||
capacity of symbolic thought and social | Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uigur, Chuvash | ||
learning (pan-human or shared by different | (Bulgarian), Yakut (360.000) MONGOLIAN | ||
groups). LANGUAGE is a system of (verbal) | Mongolian (Khalka), Kalmyk, Buryat | ||
signs embedded in social and cultural | TUNGISIC Evenki, Manchu. | ||
reality of language users. The structures | 69 | TYPOLOGY vowel harmony agglutination | |
of language reflect (and shape?) COGNITIVE | SOV word order. Vowel harmony: result of | ||
STRUCTURES. CULTURE MIND LANGUAGE. | distant assimilation of vowels in | ||
3 | LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS : All languages | neighbouring syllables – adjustment of the | |
share the same universal matrix of | vowels in the bound morpheme to the vowel | ||
syntactic patterns and | in the stem Turkish ev ‘house’ - ev-ler | ||
generative-transformational rules. | ‘houses’ kadin ‘woman’ - kadin-lar | ||
LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY: 1. Languages, | ‘women’. Agglutination: ev – N. Sg. ev-i | ||
especially those genetically unrelated, | D. sg. ev-ler N. pl. ev-ler-i D. pl. | ||
differ significantly. 2. The structure and | 70 | SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGES CHINESE | |
the lexicon of a language reflect and | LANGUAGES TIBETO-BURMAN LANGUAGES. | ||
affect the cognitive processes and | 71 | CHINESE CHARACTERS (h?nzi). | |
conceptualization of reality. | 72 | PHONO-SEMANTIC COMPOUNDS radical + | |
4 | LANGUAGE DIVERSITY 6.000-7.000 | phonetic clue mother = woman + “sounds | |
languages in the world Languages by the | like horse”. | ||
number of speakers: Mandarine Chines e | 73 | ||
847,000.000 Hindi 366,000.000 English | 74 | CHINESE LANGUAGES Han languages - | |
341,000.000 Spanish 330.000,000 Bengali | H?ny? W?n-y?n – 1500 BC – logographic | ||
Arabic Portuguese Russian Japanese German | writing system B?ihu? – 1917 reformed | ||
…. 2000 languages – less than 1000 | languages (written) Simplified Chinese – | ||
speakers. | since 1956 (2.238 characters simplified) | ||
5 | Distribution/concentration of | P?t?ngu? ‘common language’ -1949 – spoken | |
languages: English – official language in | standardized language based on Mandarin | ||
52 countries 900 languages on Papua New | (official in China and Taiwan, Singapore | ||
Guinea (5-10 million people) high density | and UN) Mandarin (850) Cantonese (Yue) | ||
also in Caucasus, (Native) California… ? | (70) – Guangong, Hong Kong, Macau, | ||
of languages no longer used by children | overseas Wu (90) - Shanghai Min (50) – | ||
1/3 of languages less than 1000 speakers | Taiwan (Taiwanese), Southeast Asia Hakka - | ||
English: 615.000 non-technical words (over | southern China, Xiang – Hunan (central | ||
2,000.000, if slang and techical words | China)…. | ||
added) (imported from more than 240 | 75 | ||
languages) average use in daily speech | 76 | Typology of Chinese languages | |
800-1000 words college graduates | isolating languages SVO tonal languages | ||
10.000-20.000. | classifiers. In isolating languages free | ||
6 | Where does all this diversity come | morphemes prevail. Words are mostly | |
from? Franz Boas (1858-1942), | monomorphemic. khi t?i d?n nh? ban t?i, | ||
anthropologist “Since the total range of | ch?ng t?i b?t d?u l?m b?i. when I come | ||
personal experience which language serves | house friend I plural I begin do lesson | ||
to express is infinitely varied, and its | article. | ||
whole scope must be expressed by a limited | 77 | Tonal languages have tonemes, i. e. | |
number of phonetic groups, it is obvious | phonemes which differe only in the | ||
that an extended classification of | register (pitch) and/or its contour | ||
experience must underline all articulate | (shift). Tonal languages: Chinese, Thai, | ||
speech.”. | Vietnamese, sub-Saharan African languages, | ||
7 | Where does all this diversity come | Native American languages. ??????????????? | |
from? Different languages – different | IPA: /m?i m?i m?i m?i/ "Does new silk | ||
implicit classification of experience: | burn?“ (Thai tong-twister). | ||
Inuit: aput ‘snow on the ground’ qana | ????????/???????? Pinyin: m?ma m? m? de m? | ||
‘falling snow’ piqsirpoq ‘drifting snow’ | ma? "Is mom scolding the horse's | ||
qimuqsuq ‘snow drift’ Linguistic | hemp?“ (Mandarin). | ||
classifications reflect, not dictate | 78 | Classifers are morphemes which refer | |
thought. | to some innate semantic feature of the | ||
8 | Edward Sapir (1884-1939), | content word they are used with. They can | |
anthropologist-linguist. formal | be used with different word classes. | ||
completeness of each language as a | Classifier languages: Chinese, Thai, | ||
symbolic system: | Australian languages, Mayan… Murrinhpatha | ||
9 | “The outstanding fact about any | (Australian): Nanti kamarl : C:generic + | |
language is its formal completeness [...] | eye = eye Kura kamarl : C:water + eye = | ||
[W]e may say that a language is so | pond Mi kamarl: C:non-meat food + eye = | ||
constructed that no matter what any | seed. Nominal: (Yidini) bama waguja: | ||
speaker of it may desire to communicate | C:human + man Numerical: (Thai) luuk saam | ||
[...] the language is prepared to do his | khon: child + three-C:human Verbal: | ||
work.” “The Hopi language is capable of | (Waris) sa ka-m put-ra-ho-o coconut + me + | ||
accounting for and describing | C:kokos + meni + C:round + give …. | ||
correctly...all observable phenomena of | 79 | Chinese classifers (measure words) | |
the universe... Just as it is possible to | between numerals/demonstratives and nouns. | ||
have any number of geometries other than | general classifer, books, flat objects, | ||
the Euclidean”. Linguistic classifications | animals, large buildings and mountains, | ||
channel thought: “ Language is guide to | domestic animals, long and flexible | ||
social reality [...] Human beings do not | animals, horses… ?w? five. ?t?u CL. ?ni? | ||
live in the objective world alone [...] | cattle. | ||
but are very much at the mercy of the | 80 | JAPANESE many typological | |
particular language which has become the | characteristic of Altaic languages | ||
medium of expression for their society | (agglutination, SOV word order) Chinese | ||
[...] No two languages are ever | influence – lexicon, writing system | ||
sufficiently similar to be considered as | Chinese characters – kanji (< hanzi) | ||
representing the same social reality...«. | (several thousands) 2 syllabaries: kana | ||
10 | Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897-1941) known | scripts: katakana, hiragana (46 basic | |
for his descriptions of Nahuatl, Hopi, | characters each) Latin script: romaji. | ||
Mayan and other native American languages | 81 | ? ?? ??? ???? JAPANESE many | |
the need for calibration – objective | typological characteristic of Altaic | ||
non-linguistic evaluation (physical | languages (agglutination, SOV word order) | ||
sciences?) “The very natural tendency to | Chinese influence – lexicon, writing | ||
use terms derived from traditional | system Chinese characters – kanji 2 | ||
grammar, like verb, noun, adjective, | syllabaries: kana script: katakana, | ||
passive voice, in describing languages | hiragana Latin script: romaji: Watashi-wa | ||
outside of Indo-European is fraught with | kissaten-de koohi-o nam-da. | ||
grave possibilities of misunderstanding”. | 82 | JAPANESE many typological | |
11 | “We cut nature up, organize it into | characteristic of Altaic languages | |
concepts, and ascribe significances as we | (agglutination, SOV word order) Chinese | ||
do, largely because we are parties to an | influence – lexicon, writing system | ||
agreement to organize it in this way – an | Chinese characters – kanji 2 syllabaries: | ||
agreement that holds throughout our speech | kana script: katakana, hiragana Latin | ||
community and is codified in the patterns | script: romaji WATASHI wa KISSATEN de | ||
of our language. The agreement is, of | koohi o NAM da. | ||
course, and implicit and unstated one, but | 83 | HONORIFICS grammatical or | |
its terms are absolutely obligatory…” | morphosyntactic encoding of the relative | ||
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis = the structure of | social status of the addressee the | ||
a language affects the way in which its | referent the bystander the circumstances | ||
speakers conceptualize the World. | Examples: T-V distinction in many | ||
12 | Categorization of the World comparison | Indo-European languages 3 different | |
of things (phenomena) that are not alike | linguistic “styles” in Japanese, 4 in | ||
but similar in (at least) one important | Javanese and Nahuatl, 6 in Korean… | ||
way conceptual metaphor source domain | “avoidance speech”: Australian, | ||
(more concrete > target domain (more | Austranesian, American, Cushitic and Bantu | ||
abstract) metaphor mapping: = a systematic | languages (e.g. different words used in | ||
set of correspondences that exist between | the presence of opposite sex | ||
constituent elements of the source and the | parents-in-law, children-in-law, | ||
target domain […] To know a conceptual | cross-cousins in Dyrbal). | ||
metaphor is to know the set of mappings | 84 | Honorifics in English: Mr,, Mrs., Ms,. | |
that applies to a given source-target | Miss, Doctor, Captain, Coach, Officer, | ||
pairing. Time is a path. I fear the days | Reverend, Father, Professor… Sir, Madam, | ||
ahead. Time is money. Don’t waste my time. | Your Honour, Your Majesty, Your Highness | ||
13 | Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson | (below royalty) Your Excellency (heads of | |
(1980) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: | state, ambassadors, governors, bishops) | ||
University of Chicago Press How does one’s | Your Eminence (cardinals). | ||
conceptualization (categorization) of the | 85 | HONORIFIC SPEECH - KEIGO polite | |
world become culture? (integrated human | language: TEI NEIGO desu at the end of the | ||
knowledge, belief and behaviour, which | sentence, masu at the end of the verb, | ||
depends on the capacity of symbolic | prefixes o- or go- for nouns used by | ||
thought and social learning (pan-human or | television presenters, the “safest” form | ||
shared by different groups). memetic | to be learned by non-native speakers | ||
theory: culture and language united by | respectful language: SON KEIGO special | ||
memes: meme > Greek m?m?ma ‘something | forms or words used, lengthy polite | ||
imitated’ Richard Dawkings, The Selfish | expressions, e.g taberu ‘eat’, nomu | ||
Gene (1976) “Culture is an aggregate of | ‘drink’ > meshiagaru hito ‘person’ > | ||
many different meme sets or memeplexes | kata: ? > ? when talking about/to | ||
shared by the majority of population. | superiors and customers; not used when | ||
Language – created by memes and for memes | referring to oneself. in business, | ||
is [also] the principal medium used for | professional capacity humble language: KEN | ||
spreading memes.”. | YOOGO similar to respectful language but | ||
14 | Cultural schemas/frames Did you hear | used when referring to oneself. | |
that the guy who the police were looking | 86 | HONORIFIC WORDS/particles, added to | |
for’s red Cortina got stolen? Will they | nouns or names chan – children, pets, | ||
deny that a nun who your shopkeeper was | close friends little girls kun – people of | ||
chatting up’s large settee got replicated? | lower social status, boys san – the most | ||
c) No head injury is too trivial to | common marker of respect (Mr. Mrs, also | ||
ignore. | for family members) sama – ‘esteemed’ | ||
15 | “Grammar is thick with cultural | sensei – ‘master, teacher’. | |
meaning. Encoded in the semantics of | 87 | LANGUAGES IN SOUTH AND SOUTH-EASTERN | |
grammar we find cultural values and ideas, | ASIA INDIA Indo-European languages (Hindi, | ||
we find clues about the social | Urdu, Bengali…) Dravidian languages. | ||
structures.” N. J. Enfield: Ethnosyntax. | 88 | LANGUAGES IN SOUTH AND SOUTH-EASTERN | |
Explorations in Grammar and Culture. OUP | ASIA INDIA Indo-European languages (Hindi, | ||
2002. | Urdu, Bengali…) Dravidian languages | ||
16 | LANGUAGE FAMILIES AND LANGUAGE | INDOCHINA Sino-Tibetan languages (> | |
TYPOLOGY. | Tibeto-Burmese > Burmese) Tai languages | ||
17 | EUROPE. | (Thai, Lao/Laotian) Austro-Asiatic | |
18 | EUROPE. Indo-European Uralic | languages (Khmer, Mon, Vietnamese?). | |
(Ugro-Finnic) Altaic Basque Semitic. | 89 | LANGUAGES IN AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA | |
19 | INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES from the | AUSTRALIA Indo-European languages | |
Indo-Eropean Parent language, spoken about | (English) Australian Aboriginal languages; | ||
5000-3000 AD in south-eastern Russia | Tasmanian languages. | ||
patriarchal society > kinship terms, | 90 | 27 language families 150 languages | |
masculine pantheon social stratification: | many ergative mother-in-law (avoidance) | ||
slave < ‘warrior’, ‘man’ wulf, birch, | languages skin system taboo against naming | ||
beech, bear cow, dog, plough, seed. | the dead (a year or more) sign languages. | ||
20 | inflectional language(s) nouns: 3 | 91 | LANGUAGES IN AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA |
numbers + collective (?) – drevje : | INDIAN OCEAN, INDONESIA, MALESIA, PACIFIC | ||
drevesa 3 genders 8 or 9 cases: | OCEAN Austronesian languages: Formosan, | ||
nominative, vocative, accusative, | Malagasy, Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, | ||
genitive, dative, ablative, locative, | Filipino (Tagalog), Maori, Samoan, | ||
directive (?) instrumental verbs: | Tahitian, Hawaiian, Tongic… . Papuan | ||
tense/aspect: present, imperfect, aorist, | languages 800 languages, 60 families, only | ||
perfect, pluperfect, future mood: | a few more than 100.000 speakers | ||
indicative, imperative, subjunctive, | polysynthetic some are tonal PIDGIN AND | ||
optative voice: active, middle persons: 3. | CREOLE LANGUAGES. | ||
21 | Indo-Iranian languages: Indic: Vedic, | 92 | PIDGIN AND CREOLE LANGUAGES |
Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, Romany… | SOCIO-LINGUISTIC DEFINITION: pidgin: | ||
chakra, ashram, guru, karma, caste | auxiliary language, emerging where more | ||
Iranian:Avestan, Iranian, Pashto, Kurdic, | than two languages in contact, no native | ||
Ossetic, Tadjik… Balkan (‘upper house’), | speakers, the use restricted to certain | ||
Bagdad (‘given by God’), balcony, caravan, | fields of life (e.g. trade) creole: first | ||
candy, dervish, mag(ic), paradise. | language of communication GEOGRAPHIC | ||
22 | Armenian attested from 5th c. AD Bible | DISTRIBUTION: Pacific and Indian Ocean, | |
translation by St Mesrob Grabar – | Australia, West Africa, Caribean islands, | ||
classical Armenian Armenian Apostolic | South America… | ||
Church Christianity as national religion | 93 | LINGUISTIC CHARACTERISTICS: lexifier | |
(301) language: strong Iranian influence, | language, common grammatical features | ||
convergeance with Caucasic languages | pidgin: the number of grammatical | ||
glottalized consonants (ejectives). | categories reduced, the encodement | ||
23 | Albanian descended from Illyrian? | transparent, poor morphology creole: | |
Thracian? Ptolomy (150 AD) – Illyrian | reassertion of grammatical categories, | ||
tribe Albani Middle Ages – Arb?r, Arb?resh | grammaticalization of lexemes, basic | ||
16th c. - Shqip?ria ‘land of eagles’(?) | morphology Tok Pisin: balus ‘bird’ kaikai | ||
shqip ‘understand each other’ Arnaut – | ‘eat’ bubu ‘great parent/child’ lotu | ||
Turkish name. | ‘church’ rokrok ‘frog’ tambu ‘in-laws’ | ||
24 | 1190 – independent state Gheg – since | (< taboo) pikinini ‘child’ kantiri | |
16th c. (north) Tosk – official Albanian | ‘sister’s child, uncle’. | ||
(south). | 94 | belo kaikai belhat manki gras bilong | |
25 | Baltic languages: Latvian, Lithuanian, | fes gras no gut maus gras sit haus, liklik | |
Old Prussian (extinct). | haus haus moni manmeri solwara gat bel | ||
26 | Anyone wishing to hear how | hevi. | |
Indo-Europeans spoke should come and | 95 | Papa bilong mipela, Yu stap long | |
listen to a Lithuanian peasant. (Antoine | heven. Nem bilong yu i mas i stap holi. | ||
Meillet) pitch accent, free accent two | Kingdom bilong yu i mas i kam. Strongim | ||
grammatical genders (masculine and | mipela long bihainim laik bilong yu long | ||
feminine). | graun, olsem ol i bihainim long heven. | ||
27 | Slavic (Slavonic) languages: Eastern | Givim mipela kaikai inap long tude. | |
branch: Russian, Ukranian, Belarusian | Pogivim rong bilong mipela, olsem mipela i | ||
Western branch: Polish, Czech, Slovakian, | pogivim ol arapela i mekim rong long | ||
Sorbian Southern branch: Old Church | mipela. Sambai long mipela long taim | ||
Slavonic (extinct), Bulgarian, Macedonian, | bilong traim. Na rausim olgeta samting | ||
Serbian, Croatian, Slovenian. | nogut long mipela. Kingdom na strong na | ||
28 | GREEK LANGUAGE(S) Minoan civilization | glori, em i bilong yu tasol oltaim | |
on Crete (settled 128.000 BC, signs of | oltaim.Tru. | ||
agriculture 5000 BC) named by Arthur Evans | 96 | decreolisation: basilect mezolect | |
Linear A Minoan eruption (Thera, | acrolect. | ||
Santorinin) - 2nd millenium BC, tsunami. | 97 | LANGUAGES IN AFRICA. | |
29 | 98 | AFRO-ASIATIC languages (Hamito-Semitic | |
30 | Minoan eruption – Thera (Santorini) | languages) Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, | |
ashes, tsunami, deforestation Mycenaean | Chadic, Omotic, Egyptian. | ||
conquest. | 99 | 8th BC – Aramaic becomes the common | |
31 | Mycenean Greek – Linear B Ancient | language of communication in the Middle | |
Greek: Aeolic Ionic (Asia Minor, Attic) | East > after 3rd BC, also the spoken | ||
Doric Greek alphabet < Phoenician | language of Jews Hebrew remains the | ||
syllabary Katharevousa Hellenistic Koin? | literary and liturgical language of Jews | ||
> modern Greek Demotic (official in | 19th c. – Eliezer ben Yehuda – 4000 new | ||
Greece, Cyprus). | words, 1959 dictionary of modern Hebrew – | ||
32 | CELTS AND CELTIC LANGUAGES. core | Ivrit Arabic – until 7th c. on the Arabian | |
territory – 6th century BC. maximal | penninsula – with expansion of Islam 8th | ||
expansion by 275 BC. | c. > northern Africa, Spain, India… 610 | ||
33 | CELTIC LANGUAGES (insular Celtic) | – Muhammad recieved revelations by Gabriel | |
Brythonic: Welsh (Cymric) Cornish Breton | (Jibril) Koran (Quran) – classical Arabic | ||
Gaelic: Irish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Manx. | > modern literary Arabic algebra, | ||
34 | Brehon Law – the early Celtic law | alcohol, alchemy, zenith, nadir, zero, | |
women’s rights to property, the king’s | cipher… | ||
position and duties, status grading of | 100 | ||
clerics, lay men and poets, payment for | 101 | Amharic – Ethiopia, (from Ge’ez). | |
injury, sick maintenance…. | 102 | Typology of Semitic languages | |
35 | linguistic typology of Celtic | introflection | |
languages: V-S-O order consonant mutation | (nonconcatanative/discontinuous | ||
vigesimal numeric system. 20 as the base | morphology) kit?b "book" kutub | ||
number: French (quatre-vingts) Resian | "books" k?tib "writer" | ||
dialect of Slovene (trikart dwesti nu | kutt?b "writers" kataba "he | ||
deset) English (score). | wrote" yaktubu "he writes" | ||
36 | counting base: no base (Melanisia: | VSO word order some dialects only 3 vowels | |
thumb, wrist, elbow, shoulder…) | most dialects 3 numbers 2 genders – | ||
quarternary: (Maori, Papua New Guinea, | masculine and feminine. | ||
other Austronesian languages) quinary: | 103 | Berber, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, | |
sub-base of vigesimal systems octal: | Egyptian (formerly Hamitic languages). | ||
American languages vigesimal: Mayan, | 104 | NIGER-CONGO LANGUAGES. | |
Nahualt, Celtic…. decimal, duodecimal… | 105 | Niger-Congo (1350) Yoruba, Fula, Akan | |
37 | GERMANIC LANGUAGES (expansion of the | BANTU languages (535, 250 mutually | |
territory from 750 BC and 200 A). | intelligible) Cameroon (proto-Bantu | ||
38 | Western: Northern: German Danish | language) 2000-3000 years ago eastward and | |
Yiddish Faroese Plattdeutsch (Low German) | southward Swahili Xhosa Zulu Rwanda Swazi | ||
Islandic Swiss German (Alemannic) | Kongo Shona Ndebele… | ||
Norwegian (Nynorsk, Bokmal) Dutch Swedish | 106 | Class languages. Swahili: class. | |
Afrikaans Flemish Frisian English Scots | semantics. prefix. singular. translation. | ||
Eastern: Gothic Vandalic …. | plural. 1, 2. persons. m-/mu-, wa-. mtu. | ||
39 | GOTHS migration from the Baltic to the | person. watu. 3, 4. trees, natural forces. | |
Black Sea Wulfila (4th c. AD) Crimean | m-/mu-, mi-. mti. tree. miti. 5, 6. | ||
Gothic. | groups, AUG. ?/ji-, ma-. jicho. eye. | ||
40 | Ostrogothic and Visigothic attacks on | macho. 7, 8. artefacts, DIM. ki-, vi-. | |
the Roman Empire. Visigoths – in Iberia | kisu. knife. visu. 9, 10. animals, | ||
(till 711) Ostrogoths – In Italy | loanwords, other. ?/n-, ?/n-. ndoto. | ||
(493-553). | dream. ndoto. 11, 12. extension. u-, ?/n-. | ||
41 | Gothic art. | ua. fence, yard. nyua. 14. abstraction. | |
42 | Noth Germanic languagaes: Old Norse | u-. utoto. childhood. | |
> eastern (Swedish, Danish) western | 107 | AGREEMENT, CONCORD AGGLUTINATION. | |
(Norwegian > Faroese, Icelandic) | Mtoto mdogo amekisoma. ‘a small child has | ||
Dansk-Norsk, Riksmal, Bokmal Landnorsk, | read it’ Watoto wadogo wamekisoma ‘small | ||
Nynorsk. | children have read it’ amekisoma: a = | ||
43 | West Germanic languages Bavarian | class marker of the subject me = perfect | |
Alemanic High German High Franconian | tense ki = class marker of the object | ||
Frankish Low Franconian Dutch North Sea | (< kitabu ‘book’) soma = root morpheme | ||
(Ingvaeonic) Frisian English Saxon (Low | ‘read’. | ||
German, Plattdeutsch). | 108 | KHOISAN LANGUAGES. | |
44 | ROMANCE LANGUGES. | 109 | Khoi-Khoi ‘first people’ Khoi-Khoi |
45 | Italic languages: first attested in | > many speak Bantu languages Nama | |
7th c. BC in old Italic script on the | (Namibia), a.k.a. Hottentot San | ||
basis of Etruscan/Greek alphabet. | ‘outsiders’, Bushmen Kalahari, about | ||
46 | Oscan , Umbrian, Latin Archaic Latin | 75.000 still hunters gatherers land | |
(7th-2nd c. BC): scattered inscriptions, | conflict with Botswana. Clicks | ||
Plautus, Terence, Cato the Elder… | reduplication for plural 3 tones 3 | ||
Classical Latin (Golden and Silver Age): | genders, feminine and masculine nouns 3 | ||
Cicero, Caesar, Horace, Vergil, Ovid, | numbers, neuter nouns 2 numbers SOV. | ||
Seneca… Vulgar Latin (spoken Latin, from | 110 | Native American languages 45.000 – | |
3rd c.) > Romance languages: | 14.000 BC across the Beringia land bridge | ||
Gallo-Romance languages: French (attested | one wave, several waves? | ||
since 9th c.): langue d’o?l, langue d’oc | 111 | Native American languages 45.000 – | |
Central French, Norman French | 14.000 BC across the Beringia land bridge | ||
(Anglo-Norman), Walloon Occitan > | one wave, several waves? macro families | ||
Proven?al Corsican? | (Joseph Greenberg) Eskimo-Aleut Na-Dene | ||
47 | Ibero-Romance languages: Spanish | Amerind. | |
Castilian (standard Spanish), attested | 112 | preColumbian America: over 1500 | |
since 11th c. Catalan (official language | languages, 10 million in North America, 30 | ||
in Andorra, co-official in Catalonia, | million Central America 50 million South | ||
Balearic Islands and Valencia, spoken also | America today: North America: 200.000 | ||
in Alghero on Sardinia) Portuguese Ladino | speakers Central America: 6 million | ||
(Judaeo-Spanish) Italian (since 10th c. – | speakers South America: 12 million | ||
dialects of Tuscany) Sardinian? | speakers Most populous: Navajo, Inuit, | ||
Rhaeto-Romance languages: Ladin Friulian | Nahuatl, Mayan, Quechua Aymara, Guarani… | ||
Romansch Istriot? Romanian. | Mayan – 6 million Nahuatl – 1,5 million | ||
48 | ETRUSCAN. Tusci, Etrusci (Latin) | Guarani – 5 million Quechua – 6-7 million | |
Tyrrennioi (Greek) Rassena, Rasna | Navajo – 170.000 speakers. | ||
(Etruscan) since 8th c. BC – 3rd c. BC. | 113 | History of Native American – European | |
49 | BASQUE LANGUAGE – EUSKARA Basque | relations. Columbus: “They traded with us | |
country – Euskal Herria: Spanish-French | and gave us everything they had, with good | ||
border 700.000 speakers, most bilingual, | will..they took great delight in pleasing | ||
the first printed book in 1545 Basque | us..They are very gentle and without | ||
language unrelated to any other known | knowledge of what is evil; nor do they | ||
language DNA shows close relations to | murder or steal..Your highness may believe | ||
other Europeans. | that in all the world there can be no | ||
50 | ergative-absolutive language complex | better people ..They love their neighbours | |
agreement system: the auxiliary agrees | as themselves, and they have the sweetest | ||
with the subject, direct and indirect | talk in the world, and are gentle and | ||
object very complex nominal paradigm, (9 | always laughing”… | ||
cases, 2 numbers, postpositioned article). | 114 | Leyes de Burgos 1512 Leyes nuevas | |
51 | ergative-absolutive languages. It | 1542: forbade maltreatment, endorsed | |
rains. PREDICATEverb. He kicked the ball. | conversion to Catholicism, pregnant women | ||
He sleeps. He gave her a flower. VALENCY - | protected hammock provided, meat on | ||
THE NUMBER OF | Sundays, sacred dances allowed, no | ||
ARGUMENTS/ACTANTS/COPMPLEMENTS CONTROLLED | physical abuse allowed… typhus, influenza, | ||
BY THE PREDICATE. | smallpox, measles… | ||
52 | impersonal – no argument It rains. | 115 | Indian Removal Act – 1830 (Andrew |
intransitive – one argument He sleeps. | Jackson) Trail of Tears | ||
verb. transitive – two arguments He kicked | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nfo_LnuDJ1c | ||
the ball. He gave her a flower | amp;feature=related. | ||
ditransitive – three arguments. | 116 | Pine Ridge Reservation, Wounded Knee | |
53 | ARGUMENTS HAVE SEMANTIC ROLES: agent, | incident in 1973. | |
patient, recipient, beneficiary, | 117 | Indian Self-Determination and | |
means/instrument…. impersonal – no | Education Assistance Act of 1975. | ||
argument It rains. intransitive – one | 118 | Eskimo-Aleut: Inuit, Inuktikut, | |
argument He sleeps AGENT. verb. transitive | Kalaallisut (Greenlandic)… Na-Dene | ||
– two arguments He kicked the ball AGENT, | Athabascan Navajo, Apache Amerind | ||
PATIENT. He gave her a flower ditransitive | Algonquian: Cree, Algonquin, Blackfoot, | ||
– three arguments AGENT, RECIPIENT, | Ojibwe, Shawnee.. Siouan: Sioux (Dakota, | ||
PATIENT. | Lakota), Crow Iroquian: Iroquois, | ||
54 | semantic roles grammatical (syntactic) | Cherokee, Chocktaw… Uto-Aztek: Nahuatl | |
function agent, doer subject instrument | Mayan: Mayan, Yucatec Arawakan, Caribean | ||
subject recepient indirect object | Andean: Quechua, Aymara, Guarani. | ||
benefactor patient direct object …. ROLE | 119 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
ASSIGNEMENT – SYNTACTIC OR MORPHOLOGICAL. | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes. | ||
55 | ROLE ALIGNMENT ergative - absolutive : | 120 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi |
nominative – accusative intransitive | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes | ||
agent/subject intransitive agent/subject | polysynthetic. | ||
transitive patient/object transitive | 121 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
agent/subject ABSOLUTIVE CASE NOMINATIVE | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes | ||
CASE transitive agent/subject transitive | polysynthetic ergative. | ||
patient/object ERGATIVE CASE ACCUSATIVE | 122 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
CASE Basque: Gizona etorri da. Gizonak | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes | ||
mutila ikusi du. man-ABS arrived-AUX | polysynthetic ergative classifiers. | ||
man-ERG boy-ABS saw-AUX Japanese Otoko ga | 123 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
tsuita. Otoko ga kodomo o mita man-NOM | v20. implosive, ejective phonemes tonemes | ||
arrived man-NOM child-ACC saw. | polysynthetic ergative classifiers | ||
56 | ergative languages: Basque Caucasian | alienable/inalienable possession animacy | |
(Kartvelian=Georgian) Tibetan Native | marking many mood, tense and aspect | ||
American (Chinook, Eskimo-Aleut, Mayan) | distinctions. | ||
Australian. | 124 | http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFayFUi | |
57 | URALIC LANGUAGES. | v20. from Nahuatl: Nimitzt?tlamaquilt?z | |
58 | URALIC LANGUAGES proto-Uralic (the | ni-mits-te?-tla-maki-lti?-s' | |
Ural Mountains) UGRO-FINNIC Finnic: | I-you-someone-something-give-CAUSATIVE-FUT | ||
Finnish, Estonian, Sami (Lappish) Ugric: | RE "I shall make somebody give | ||
Hungarian SAMOYEDIC. | something to you"[6]. | ||
59 | FINNISH (SUOMI) official language in | 125 | Classifier+Stem. Label . Explanation. |
Finland Finland settled at least 8500 BC | Examples. -'? SRO. Solid Roundish Object. | ||
Swedish rule from 12th century – 1249 | bottle, ball, boot, box, etc. -y? LPB. | ||
Swedish – the dominant language of higher | Load, Pack, Burden. backpack, bundle, | ||
classes 17th century – Sweden and Russia | sack, saddle, etc. -?-jool. NCM. | ||
fought over Finland 1809 – Finland becomes | Non-Compact Matter. bunch of hair or | ||
an autonomous Great Duchy of Russia | grass, cloud, fog, etc. -l? SFO. Slender | ||
Finnish language gains recognition | Flexible Object. rope, mittens, socks, | ||
Kalevala – 1835 (Elias L?nnrot) | pile of fried onions, etc. -t? SSO. | ||
independence delared on December 6, 1917. | Slender Stiff Object. arrow, bracelet, | ||
60 | FINNISH (SUOMI) official language in | skillet, saw, etc. -?-tsooz. FFO. Flat | |
Finland Finland settled at least 8500 BC | Flexible Object. blanket, coat, sack of | ||
Swedish rule from 12th century – 1249 | groceries, etc. -t???'. MM. Mushy Matter. | ||
Swedish – the dominant language of higher | ice cream, mud, slumped-over drunken | ||
classes 17th century – Sweden and Russia | person, etc. -nil. PLO1. Plural Objects 1. | ||
fought over Finland 1809 – Finland becomes | eggs, balls, animals, coins, etc. -jaa'. | ||
an autonomous Great Duchy of Russia | PLO2. Plural Objects 2. marbles, seeds, | ||
Finnish language gains recognition | sugar, bugs, etc. -k? OC. Open Container. | ||
Kalevala – 1835 (Elias L?nnrot) | glass of milk, spoonful of food, handful | ||
independence delared on December 6, 1917. | of flour, etc. -?-t? ANO. Animate Object. | ||
61 | SAMI. Sapmi area: settlements since | microbe, person, corpse, doll, etc. | |
10.000 BC fishermen, raindeer hunters, | 126 | Mayan numeral classifiers: untek wop – | |
since 1500 raindeer herders 19th, 20th | jahuacte tree - tek = plant unts’it wop – | ||
century: pressure to wipe out Sami culture | a stick from that tree ts’it = elongated | ||
(Norwegian names, language, sterilization | object. | ||
of Sami women in Sweden… logging, mineral | 127 | Mayan numeral classifiers: untek wop – | |
mining, military activitities, Chernobyl… | jahuacte tree - tek = plant unts’it wop – | ||
9 varieties of Sami language: Northern | a stick from that tree ts’it = elongated | ||
Sami (15000), the rest 3500 (400-600). | object. Animacy scale in Navajo: | ||
62 | HUNGARIAN – Ugric language Pannonia | humans/lightning ? infants/big animals ? | |
(9th BC – end of 4th AD) – Roman province | mid-size animals ? small animals ? insects | ||
Huns, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Gepids, Avars | ? natural forces ? inanimate | ||
and Slaves Magyars led by Arpad – since | objects/plants ? abstractions. | ||
895 federation of tribes Saint Stephan I – | 128 | Mayan numeral classifiers: untek wop – | |
Hungary integrated into feudal Christian | jahuacte tree - tek = plant unts’it wop – | ||
Europe Latin official language until 19th | a stick from that tree ts’it = elongated | ||
c. 1200 – funeral oration 1430s – Bible | object contrast between alienable and | ||
translation 1533 – first printed book | inalienable possession. Animacy scale in | ||
(letters of St. Paul) agglutinative | Navajo: humans/lightning ? infants/big | ||
language, up to 18 cases 2 conjugations: | animals ? mid-size animals ? small animals | ||
definite for transitive, indefinite for | ? insects ? natural forces ? inanimate | ||
intransitive verbs four levels of | objects/plants ? abstractions. | ||
politeness kinship terms depend on the | 129 | “wigwam words”. hickory, pecan, | |
relative age (younger/older) separate | chipmunk, papoose, moose, squaw, igloo, | ||
prefixes for up to eleventh ancestors and | kayak , pow-wow, moccasin, racoon, | ||
tenth descendants surname generally comes | tomahawk, totem… chocolate, tomato, | ||
first. | condor, coke, chili, hammock… | ||
63 | SAMOYEDIC (30.000 – 70.000) Nenets. | 130 | Native American toponyms: Arkansas |
64 | 17th vs 20th c. | (Arkans - tribe), Oklahoma (red people), | |
65 | TYPOLOGY OF URALIC LANGUAGES | Arizona (little springs), Michigan (great | |
nominative-accusative alignment elaborate | water), Chicago (place of onions), | ||
case systems agglutination no grammatical | Mississippi (big river), Missouri (person | ||
gender dual in Samoyedic and Sami | who has a canoe), Utah (mountain top | ||
languages vowel harmony. | dwellers), Wyoming (place of the big | ||
66 | FINNISH NOUN CASES nominative talo | plain), Dakota (another name for Sioux), | |
house genitive talon of the house | Idaho (tribe), | ||
accusative talo (object, complete) | 131 | Nebraska (flat river), Texas (via | |
partitive taloa (object, part, incomplete) | Spanish tejas = friends), Iowa (tribe), | ||
translative taloksi into (change) a house | Kansas (tribe), Minnesota (cloudy river), | ||
instructive taloin with, using the house | Illinois (tribe), Ohio (fine river), | ||
abessive talotta without a house essive | Tennessee (after a Cherokee village | ||
talona as a house comitative taloineen | Tanase), Kentucky (meadowland), Alabama | ||
together with the house LOCATIVE internal: | (tribe Alibamon), Wisconsin (gathering of | ||
inessive talossa in the house elative | waters), Connecticut (beside the long | ||
talostani from inside of the house | tidal river), Canada (village, community), | ||
illative taloonsa into the house LOCATIVE | Manitoba (great spirit), Ontario | ||
external adessive talolla at the house | (beautiful lake), Manhattan (island of | ||
ablative talolta from the house allative | many hills) etc. | ||
talolle to the house. | |||
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE.ppt |
«Êóðñ îáó÷åíèÿ â Language Link» - Îáó÷åíèå çà ðóáåæîì. Äåëîâîé àíãëèéñêèé. Áèçíåñ-àíãëèéñêèé äëÿ ñïåöèàëüíûõ öåëåé. Îðãàíèçàöèîííûå ïðåèìóùåñòâà. Ïðåèìóùåñòâà äîêóìåíòîîáîðîòà. Ïåðåâîäû. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ýêçàìåíû. Ïðåèìóùåñòâà îáó÷åíèÿ â Language Link. Ïðîôåññèîíàëèçì Language Link âïîëíå îïðàâäàë íàøè îæèäàíèÿ. Îáùèé àíãëèéñêèé. Îòçûâû êëèåíòîâ.
«ßçûêîâûå êóðñû Net languages» - Ñèñòåìà óðîâíåé è ýêâèâàëåíòû. Íàø ïðîäóêò – êóðñû Net Languages - îáû÷íî âêëþ÷àþò òðè îñíîâíûõ êîìïîíåíòà. Ñêîòò - àâòîð ìíîãèõ ðàáîò, óâåí÷àííûé ìíîãî÷èñëåííûìè íàãðàäàìè. Ôîíä Ìàãèñòð ïðåäîñòàâëÿåò ñîïóòñòâóþùèå óñëóãè ïî îáó÷åíèþ èíîñòðàííûì ÿçûêàì çà ðóáåæîì. Ñâåäåíèÿ î äèðåêòîðå øêîëû Net Languages.
«Öåíòð àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà» - Èçó÷àÿ àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñ íàìè, Âû ñìîæåòå îáùàòüñÿ ñ ëþäüìè. Ìû ðàñøèðèì Âàøè âîçìîæíîñòè ïîëó÷åíèÿ èíôîðìàöèè. Âû ñìîæåòå âñåöåëî íàñëàäèòüñÿ èñêóññòâîì. Âàøå âðåìÿ áåñöåííî. Îáó÷åíèå çà ðóáåæîì. Öåíòð àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Öåíòð àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà «You’re the best». Casual English. Âñå â âàøèõ ðóêàõ. Ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñâîáîäíî Èíòåðíåòîì.
«Êóðñû èçó÷åíèÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà» - Îñíîâû ïðîåêòíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê â ñôåðå ïðîôåññèîíàëüíîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè. Ïðîïåäåâòè÷åñêèé êóðñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Âû ñìîæåòå ýôôåêòèâíî ðàáîòàòü ñ àíãëîÿçû÷íûìè ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûìè ñïðàâî÷íûìè ñèñòåìàìè è áàçàìè äàííûõ â êîìïüþòåðíûõ ñåòÿõ. Àíãëîÿçû÷íûå èíôîðìàöèîííûå ðåñóðñû â ñôåðå ýêîíîìèêè, áèçíåñà è èíôîðìàòèêè.
«English for you» - Òâîè øêîëüíûå ó÷åáíèêè. ENGLISH FOR YOU. Àðòèêëü Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî Ïðåäëîãè. Âñå ñëîâà è âûðàæåíèÿ îçâó÷åíû íîñèòåëÿìè ÿçûêà. Òû íàó÷èøüñÿ ïðàâèëüíî ñòðîèòü ïðåäëîæåíèå. Ìîæåò ëè êîìïüþòåð çàìåíèòü ó÷èòåëÿ? Òû ñìîæåøü ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàòü ñâî¸ ïðîèçíîøåíèå. Òû óáåäèøüñÿ íàñêîëüêî èíòåðåñíûì è çàõâàòûâàþùèì ìîæåò áûòü îáó÷åíèå ÿçûêó.
«Êóðñû àíãëèéñêîãî» - counter. Äîì. Ïî ãîðîäó. ß ðàáîòàþ â Ïàøñêîé ñðåäíåé øêîëå ó÷èòåëåì àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà 9 ëåò. Øêîëà. Ìíîãî âðåìåíè óäåëÿþ âíåêëàññíîé ðàáîòå. Âðåìåíà ãîäà. descendant. Ïðîôåññèÿ. environs. salary. slippery. assembly hall. sultry. chapel. ensemble. “Shopping”. Family. “Sightseeing”. Ó÷åáíî-òåìàòè÷åñêèé ïëàí.