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Object-Oriented Programming with C#
Object-Oriented Programming with C#		 Object-Oriented Programming with C#
Object-Oriented Programming with C#		 Object-Oriented Programming with C#
Object-Oriented Programming with C#		 Table of Contents
Table of Contents		 Defining Classes
Defining Classes
Simple Class Definition (2)
Simple Class Definition (2)		 Class Definition and Members
Class Definition and Members
Access Modifiers
Access Modifiers		 Access Modifiers
Access Modifiers		 Defining Classes
Defining Classes		 Defining Class Dog – Example
Defining Class Dog – Example		 Defining Class Dog – Example (2)
Defining Class Dog – Example (2)
Using Classes and Objects
Using Classes and Objects		 Using Classes
Using Classes		 How to Use Classes (Non-static)
How to Use Classes (Non-static)		 Constructors
Constructors		 Defining Constructors
Defining Constructors
Chaining Constructors Calls
Chaining Constructors Calls		 Fields, Constants and and Properties
Fields, Constants and and Properties		 Defining Properties – Example
Defining Properties – Example		 Static Members
Static Members		 Static Members
Static Members
Static Members – Example
Static Members – Example		 Static Members – Example (2)
Static Members – Example (2)		 Structures
Structures		 Structures – Example
Structures – Example		 Delegates and Events
Delegates and Events
What are Delegates
What are Delegates		 What are Delegates
What are Delegates		 Anonymous Methods
Anonymous Methods		 Events in
Events in 		Interfaces and Abstract Classes
Interfaces and Abstract Classes
Interfaces – Example
Interfaces – Example		 Interfaces – Example (2)
Interfaces – Example (2)		 Interface Implementation
Interface Implementation		 Abstract Classes
Abstract Classes		 Cohesion and Coupling
Cohesion and Coupling
Good and Bad Cohesion
Good and Bad Cohesion		 Good and Bad Cohesion
Good and Bad Cohesion		 Good and Bad Cohesion
Good and Bad Cohesion		 Good and Bad Cohesion
Good and Bad Cohesion		 Good and Bad Cohesion
Good and Bad Cohesion
Good and Bad Cohesion
Good and Bad Cohesion		 Good and Bad Cohesion
Good and Bad Cohesion		 Loose and Tight Coupling
Loose and Tight Coupling		 Loose and Tight Coupling
Loose and Tight Coupling		 Inheritance
Inheritance
Inheritance
Inheritance		 Inheritance – Example
Inheritance – Example		 Inheritance – Example (2)
Inheritance – Example (2)		 Inheritance – Example (3)
Inheritance – Example (3)		 Polymorphism
Polymorphism
Polymorphism – Example
Polymorphism – Example		 Polymorphism – Example (2)
Polymorphism – Example (2)		 ?
?
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Object-Oriented Programming with C#

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1Object-Oriented Programming with C#. 50Console.WriteLine(str); } }.
Classes, Constructors, Properties, Events, 51Using Anonymous Methods. The same
Static Members, Interfaces, Inheritance, thing can be accomplished by using an
Polymorphism. Doncho Minkov. Technical anonymous method: class SomeClass {
Trainer. Telerik Corporation. delegate void SomeDelegate(string str);
www.telerik.com. public void InvokeMethod() { SomeDelegate
2Table of Contents. Defining Classes dlg = delegate(string str) {
Access Modifiers Constructors Fields, Console.WriteLine(str); };
Constants and Properties Static Members dlg("Hello"); } }.
Structures Delegates and Events Interfaces 52Events. In component-oriented
Inheritance Polymorphism. programming the components send events to
3OOP and .NET. In .NET Framework the their owner to notify them when something
object-oriented approach has roots in the happens E.g. when a button is pressed an
deepest architectural level All .NET event is raised The object which causes an
applications are object-oriented All .NET event is called event sender The object
languages are object-oriented The class which receives an event is called event
concept from OOP has two realizations: receiver In order to be able to receive an
Classes and structures There is no event the event receivers must first
multiple inheritance in .NET Classes can "subscribe for the event"
implement several interfaces at the same 53Events in .NET. In the component model
time. of .NET Framework delegates and events
4Defining Classes. provide mechanism for: Subscription to an
5Classes in OOP. Classes model event Sending an event Receiving an event
real-world objects and define Attributes Events in C# are special instances of
(state, properties, fields) Behavior delegates declared by the C# keyword event
(methods, operations) Classes describe Example (Button.Click): public event
structure of objects Objects describe EventHandler Click;
particular instance of a class Properties 54Events in .NET (2). The C# compiler
hold information about the modeled object automatically defines the += and -=
relevant to the problem Operations operators for events += subscribe for an
implement object behavior. event -= unsubscribe for an event There
6Classes in C#. Classes in C# could are no other allowed operations Example:
have following members: Fields, constants, Button button = new
methods, properties, indexers, events, Button("OK"); button.Click +=
operators, constructors, destructors Inner delegate { Console.WriteLine("Button
types (inner classes, structures, clicked."); };
interfaces, delegates, ...) Members can 55Events vs. Delegates. Events are not
have access modifiers (scope) public, the same as member fields of type delegate
private, protected, internal Members can The event is processed by a delegate
be static (common) or specific for a given Events can be members of an interface
object. 6. unlike delegates Calling of an event can
7Simple Class Definition. Begin of only be done in the class it is defined in
class definition. Inherited (base) class. By default the access to the events is
Fields. Constructor. Property. public synchronized (thread-safe). ? public
class Cat : Animal { private string name; MyDelegate m; public event MyDelegate m;
private string owner; public Cat(string 56System.EventHandler Delegate. Defines
name, string owner) { this.name = name; a reference to a callback method, which
this.owner = owner; } public string Name { handles events No additional information
get { return name; } set { name = value; } is sent Used in many occasions internally
}. in .NET E.g. in ASP.NET and Windows Forms
8Simple Class Definition (2). Method. The EventArgs class is base class with no
End of class definition. public string information about the event Sometimes
Owner { get { return owner;} set { owner = delegates derive from it. public delegate
value; } } public void SayMiau() { void EventHandler( Object sender,
Console.WriteLine("Miauuuuuuu!") EventArgs e);
} }. 57EventHandler – Example. public class
9Class Definition and Members. Class Button { public event EventHandler Click;
definition consists of: Class declaration public event EventHandler GotFocus; public
Inherited class or implemented interfaces event EventHandler TextChanged; ... }
Fields (static or not) Constructors public class ButtonTest { private static
(static or not) Properties (static or not) void Button_Click(object sender, EventArgs
Methods (static or not) Events, inner eventArgs) { Console.WriteLine("Call
types, etc. Button_Click() event"); } public
10Access Modifiers. Public, Private, static void Main() { Button button = new
Protected, Internal. Button(); button.Click += Button_Click; }
11Access Modifiers. Class members can }.
have access modifiers Used to restrict the 58Interfaces and Abstract Classes.
classes able to access them Supports the 59Interfaces. Describe a group of
OOP principle "encapsulation" methods (operations), properties and
Class members can be: public – accessible events Can be implemented by given class
from any class protected – accessible from or structure Define only the methods’
the class itself and all its descendent prototypes No concrete implementation Can
classes private – accessible from the be used to define abstract data types Can
class itself only internal – accessible not be instantiated Members do not have
from the current assembly (used by scope modifier and by default the scope is
default). public.
12Defining Classes. Example. 60Interfaces – Example. public interface
13Task: Define Class Dog. Our task is to IPerson { string Name // property Name {
define a simple class that represents get; set; } DateTime DateOfBirth //
information about a dog The dog should property DateOfBirth { get; set; } int Age
have name and breed If there is no name or // property Age (read-only) { get; } }.
breed assigned to the dog, it should be 61Interfaces – Example (2). interface
named "Balkan" and its breed IShape { void SetPosition(int x, int y);
should be "Street excellent" It int CalculateSurface(); } interface
should be able to view and change the name IMovable { void Move(int deltaX, int
and the breed of the dog The dog should be deltaY); } interface IResizable { void
able to bark. Resize(int weight); void Resize(int
14Defining Class Dog – Example. public weightX, int weightY); void ResizeByX(int
class Dog { private string name; private weightX); void ResizeByY(int weightY); }.
string breed; public Dog() { this.name = 62Interface Implementation. Classes and
"Balkan"; this.breed = structures can implement (support) one or
"Street excellent"; } public many interfaces Interface realization must
Dog(string name, string breed) { this.name implement all its methods If some methods
= name; this.breed = breed; } //(example do not have implementation the class or
continues). structure have to be declared as an
15Defining Class Dog – Example (2). abstract.
public string Name { get { return name; } 63Interface Implementation – Example.
set { name = value; } } public string class Rectangle : IShape, IMovable {
Breed { get { return breed; } set { breed private int x, y, width, height; public
= value; } } public void SayBau() { void SetPosition(int x, int y) // IShape {
Console.WriteLine("{0} said: this.x = x; this.y = y; } public int
Bauuuuuu!", name); } }. CalculateSurface() // IShape { return
16Using Classes and Objects. this.width * this.height; } public void
17Using Classes. How to use classes? Move(int deltaX, int deltaY) // IMovable {
Create a new instance Access the this.x += deltaX; this.y += deltaY; } }.
properties of the class Invoke methods 64Abstract Classes. Abstract method is a
Handle events How to define classes? method without implementation Left empty
Create new class and define its members to be implemented by descendant classes
Create new class using some other as base When a class contains at least one
class. abstract method, it is called abstract
18How to Use Classes (Non-static)? class Mix between class and interface
Create an instance Initialize fields Inheritors are obligated to implement
Manipulate instance Read / change their abstract methods Can not be directly
properties Invoke methods Handle events instantiated.
Release occupied resources Done 65Abstract Class – Example. abstract
automatically in most cases. class MovableShape : IShape, IMovable {
19Task: Dog Meeting. Our task is as private int x, y; public void Move(int
follows: Create 3 dogs First should be deltaX, int deltaY) { this.x += deltaX;
named “Sharo”, second – “Rex” and the last this.y += deltaY; } public void
– left without name Add all dogs in an SetPosition(int x, int y) { this.x = x;
array Iterate through the array elements this.y = y; } public abstract int
and ask each dog to bark Note: Use the Dog CalculateSurface(); }.
class from the previous example! 66Cohesion and Coupling.
20Dog Meeting – Example. static void 67Cohesion. Cohesion describes how
Main() { Console.WriteLine("Enter closely all the routines in a class or all
first dog's name: "); dogName = the code in a routine support a central
Console.ReadLine(); purpose Cohesion must be strong Classes
Console.WriteLine("Enter first dog's must contain strongly related
breed: "); dogBreed = functionality and aim for single purpose
Console.ReadLine(); // Using the Dog Cohesion is a useful tool for managing
constructor to set name and breed Dog complexity Well-defined abstractions keep
firstDog = new Dog(dogName, dogBreed); Dog cohesion strong.
secondDog = new Dog(); 68Good and Bad Cohesion. Good cohesion:
Console.WriteLine("Enter second dog's hard disk, CD-ROM, floppy BAD: spaghetti
name: "); dogName = code.
Console.ReadLine(); 69Strong Cohesion. Strong cohesion
Console.WriteLine("Enter second dog's example Class Math that has methods:
breed: "); dogBreed = Sin(), Cos(), Asin(), Sqrt(), Pow(), Exp()
Console.ReadLine(); // Using properties to Math.PI, Math.E. double sideA = 40, sideB
set name and breed secondDog.Name = = 69; double angleAB = Math.PI / 3; double
dogName; secondDog.Breed = dogBreed; }. sideC = Math.Pow(sideA, 2) +
21Constructors. Defining and Using Class Math.Pow(sideB, 2) - 2 * sideA * sideB *
Constructors. Math.Cos(angleAB); double sidesSqrtSum =
22What is Constructor? Constructors are Math.Sqrt(sideA) + Math.Sqrt(sideB) +
special methods Invoked when creating a Math.Sqrt(sideC);
new instance of an object Used to 70Bad Cohesion. Example of bad cohesion
initialize the fields of the instance Class Magic that has all these methods:
Constructors has the same name as the Another example: public void
class Have no return type Can have PrintDocument(Document d); public void
parameters Can be private, protected, SendEmail(string recipient, string
internal, public. subject, string text); public void
23Defining Constructors. Class Point CalculateDistanceBetweenPoints(int x1, int
with parameterless constructor: public y1, int x2, int y2).
class Point { private int xCoord; private MagicClass.MakePizza("Fat
int yCoord; // Simple default constructor Pepperoni");
public Point() { xCoord = 0; yCoord = 0; } MagicClass.WithdrawMoney("999e6"
// More code ... }. ; MagicClass.OpenDBConnection();
24Defining Constructors (2). As rule 71Coupling. Coupling describes how
constructors should initialize all own tightly a class or routine is related to
class fields. public class Person { other classes or routines Coupling must be
private string name; private int age; // kept loose Modules must depend little on
Default constructor public Person() { name each other All classes and routines must
= "[no name]"; age = 0; } // have small, direct, visible, and flexible
Constructor with parameters public relations to other classes and routines
Person(string name, int age) { this.name = One module must be easily used by other
name; this.age = age; } // More code ... modules.
}. 72Loose and Tight Coupling. Loose
25Constructors and Initialization. Pay Coupling: Easily replace old HDD Easily
attention when using inline place this HDD to another motherboard
initialization! public class ClockAlarm { Tight Coupling: Where is the video
private int hours = 9; // Inline adapter? Can you change the video
initialization private int minutes = 0; // controller?
Inline initialization // Default 73Loose Coupling – Example. class Report
constructor public ClockAlarm() { } // { public bool LoadFromFile(string
Constructor with parameters public fileName) {…} public bool
ClockAlarm(int hours, int minutes) { SaveToFile(string fileName) {…} } class
this.hours = hours; // Invoked after the Printer { public static int Print(Report
inline this.minutes = minutes; // report) {…} } class LooseCouplingExample {
initialization! } // More code ... }. static void Main() { Report myReport = new
26Chaining Constructors Calls. Reusing Report();
constructors. public class Point { private myReport.LoadFromFile("C:\\DailyRepor
int xCoord; private int yCoord; public .rep"); Printer.Print(myReport); } }.
Point() : this(0,0) // Reuse constructor { 74Tight Coupling – Example. class
} public Point(int xCoord, int yCoord) { MathParams { public static double operand;
this.xCoord = xCoord; this.yCoord = public static double result; } class
yCoord; } // More code ... }. MathUtil { public static void Sqrt() {
27Fields, Constants and and Properties. MathParams.result =
28Fields. Fields contain data for the CalcSqrt(MathParams.operand); } } class
class instance Can be arbitrary type Have Example { static void Main() {
given scope Can be declared with a MathParams.operand = 64; MathUtil.Sqrt();
specific value. class Student { private Console.WriteLine(MathParams.result); } }.
string firstName; private string lastName; 75Spaghetti Code. Combination of bad
private int course = 1; private string cohesion and tight coupling. class Report
speciality; protected Course[] { public void Print() {…} public void
coursesTaken; private string remarks = InitPrinter() {…} public void
"(no remarks)"; }. LoadPrinterDriver(string fileName) {…}
29Constants. Constant fields are defined public bool SaveReport(string fileName)
like fields, but: Defined with const Must {…} public void SetPrinter(string printer)
be initialized at their definition Their {…} } class Printer { public void
value can not be changed at runtime. SetFileName() {…} public static bool
public class MathConstants { public const LoadReport() {…} public static bool
string PI_SYMBOL = "?"; public CheckReport() {…} }.
const double PI = 3.1415926535897932385; 76Inheritance.
public const double E = 77Inheritance. Inheritance is the
2.7182818284590452354; public const double ability of a class to implicitly gain all
LN10 = 2.30258509299405; public const members from another class Inheritance is
double LN2 = 0.693147180559945; }. fundamental concept in OOP The class whose
30Read-Only Fields. Initialized at the methods are inherited is called base
definition or in the constructor Can not (parent) class The class that gains new
be modified further Defined with the functionality is called derived (child)
keyword readonly Represent runtime class Inheritance establishes an is-a
constants. public class ReadOnlyDemo { relationship between classes: A is B.
private readonly int size; public 78Inheritance (2). All class members are
ReadOnlyDemo(int Size) { size = Size; // inherited Fields, methods, properties, …
can not be further modified! } }. In C# classes could be inherited The
31The Role of Properties. Expose structures in C# could not be inherited
object's data to the outside world Control Inheritance allows creating deep
how the data is manipulated Properties can inheritance hierarchies In .NET there is
be: Read-only Write-only Read and write no multiple inheritance, except when
Give good level of abstraction Make implementing interfaces.
writing code easier. 79How to Define Inheritance? We must
32Defining Properties in C#. Properties specify the name of the base class after
should have: Access modifier (public, the name of the derived In the constructor
protected, etc.) Return type Unique name of the derived class we use the keyword
Get and / or Set part Can contain code base to invoke the constructor of the base
processing data in specific way. class. public class Shape {...} public
33Defining Properties – Example. public class Circle : Shape {...}. public Circle
class Point { private int xCoord; private (int x, int y) : base(x) {...}.
int yCoord; public int XCoord { get { 80Inheritance – Example. public class
return xCoord; } set { xCoord = value; } } Mammal { private int age; public
public int YCoord { get { return yCoord; } Mammal(int age) { this.age = age; } public
set { yCoord = value; } } // More code ... int Age { get { return age; } set { age =
}. value; } } public void Sleep() {
34Dynamic Properties. Properties are not Console.WriteLine("Shhh! I'm
obligatory bound to a class field – can be sleeping!"); } }.
calculated dynamically: public class 81Inheritance – Example (2). public
Rectangle { private float width; private class Dog : Mammal { private string breed;
float height; // More code ... public public Dog(int age, string breed):
float Area { get { return width * height; base(age) { this.breed = breed; } public
} } }. string Breed { get { return breed; } set {
35Automatic Properties. Properties could breed = value; } } public void WagTail() {
be defined without an underlying field Console.WriteLine("Tail
behind them It is automatically created by wagging..."); } }.
the C# compiler. class UserProfile { 82Inheritance – Example (3). static void
public int UserId { get; set; } public Main() { // Create 5 years old mammal
string FirstName { get; set; } public Mamal mamal = new Mamal(5);
string LastName { get; set; } } … Console.WriteLine(mamal.Age);
UserProfile profile = new UserProfile() { mamal.Sleep(); // Create a bulldog, 3
FirstName = "Steve", LastName = years old Dog dog = new
"Balmer", UserId = 91112 }; 35. Dog("Bulldog", 3); dog.Sleep();
36Static Members. Static vs. Instance dog.Age = 4; Console.WriteLine("Age:
Members. {0}", dog.Age);
37Static Members. Static members are Console.WriteLine("Breed: {0}",
associated with a type rather than with an dog.Breed); dog.WagTail(); }.
instance Defined with the modifier static 83Polymorphism.
Static can be used for Fields Properties 84Polymorphism. Polymorphism is
Methods Events Constructors. fundamental concept in OOP The ability to
38Static vs. Non-Static. Static: handle the objects of a specific class as
Associated with a type, not with an instances of its parent class and to call
instance Non-Static: The opposite, abstract functionality Polymorphism allows
associated with an instance Static: creating hierarchies with more valuable
Initialized just before the type is used logical structure Allows invoking abstract
for the first time Non-Static: Initialized functionality without caring how and where
when the constructor is called. it is implemented.
39Static Members – Example. public class 85Polymorphism (2). Polymorphism is
SqrtPrecalculated { public const int usually implemented through: Virtual
MAX_VALUE = 10000; // Static field private methods (virtual) Abstract methods
static int[] sqrtValues; // Static (abstract) Methods from an interface
constructor private static (interface) In C# to override virtual
SqrtPrecalculated() { sqrtValues = new method the keyword override is used C#
int[MAX_VALUE + 1]; for (int i = 0; i < allows hiding virtual methods in derived
sqrtValues.Length; i++) { sqrtValues[i] = classes by the keyword new.
(int)Math.Sqrt(i); } } //(example 86Polymorphism – Example. class Person {
continues). public virtual void PrintName() {
40Static Members – Example (2). // Console.WriteLine("I am a
Static method public static int person."); } } class Trainer : Person
GetSqrt(int value) { return { public override void PrintName() {
sqrtValues[value]; } // The Main() method Console.WriteLine("I am a
is always static static void Main() { trainer."); } } class Student :
Console.WriteLine(GetSqrt(254)); } }. Person { public override void PrintName()
41Structures. { Console.WriteLine("I am a
42Structures. Structures represent a student."); } }.
combination of fields with data Look like 87Polymorphism – Example (2). static
the classes, but are value types Their void Main() { Person[] persons = { new
content is stored in the stack Transmitted Person(), new Trainer(), new Student() };
by value Destroyed when go out of scope foreach (Person p in persons) {
However classes are reference type and are Console.WriteLine(p); } // I am a person.
placed in the dynamic memory (heap) Their // I am a trainer. // I am a student. }.
creation and destruction is slower. 88Homework. We are given a school. In
43Structures – Example. struct Point { the school there are classes of students.
public int X, Y; } struct Color { public Each class has a set of teachers. Each
byte redValue; public byte greenValue; teacher teaches a set of disciplines.
public byte blueValue; } struct Square { Students have name and unique class
public Point location; public int size; number. Classes have unique text
public Color borderColor; public Color identifier. Teachers have name.
surfaceColor; }. Disciplines have name, number of lectures
44When to Use Structures? Use structures and number of exercises. Both teachers and
To make your type behave as a primitive students are people. Your task is to
type If you create many instances and identify the classes (in terms of OOP) and
after that you free them – e.g. in a cycle their attributes and operations, define
Do not use structures When you often the class hierarchy. 88.
transmit your instances as method 89Homework (2). Define class Human with
parameters If you use collections without first name and last name. Define new class
generics (too much boxing / unboxing!). Student which is derived from Human and
45Delegates and Events. has new field – grade. Define class Worker
46What are Delegates? Delegates are derived from Human with new field
reference types Describe the signature of weekSalary and work-hours per day and
a given method Number and types of the method MoneyPerHour() that returns money
parameters The return type Their earned by hour by the worker. Define the
"values" are methods These proper constructors and properties for
methods correspond to the signature of the this hierarchy. Initialize an array of 10
delegate. students and sort them by grade in
47What are Delegates? (2). Delegates are ascending order. Initialize an array of 10
roughly similar to function pointers in C workers and sort them by money per hour in
and C++ Contain a strongly-typed pointer descending order. 89.
(reference) to a method They can point to 90Homework (3). Define abstract class
both static or instance methods Used to Shape with only one abstract method
perform callbacks. CalculateSurface() and fields width and
48Delegates – Example. // Declaration of height. Define two new classes Triangle
a delegate public delegate void and Rectangle that implement the virtual
simpledelegate(string param); public class method and return the surface of the
testdelegate { public static void figure (height*width for rectangle and
testfunction(string param) { height*width/2 for triangle). Define class
console.Writeline("i was called by a Circle and suitable constructor so that on
delegate."); initialization height must be kept equal
Console.Writeline("i got parameter to width and implement the
{0}.", Param); } public static void CalculateSurface() method. Write a program
main() { // instantiation of а delegate that tests the behavior of the
simpledelegate simpledelegate = new CalculateSurface() method for different
simpledelegate(testfunction); // shapes (Circle, Rectangle, Triangle)
invocation of the method, pointed by a stored in an array. 90.
delegate simpledelegate("test"); 91Homework (4). Create a hierarchy Dog,
} }. Frog, Cat, Kitten, Tomcat and define
49Anonymous Methods. We are sometimes suitable constructors and methods
forced to create a class or a method just according to the following rules: all of
for the sake of using a delegate The code this are Animals. Kittens and tomcats are
involved is often relatively short and cats. All animals are described by age,
simple Anonymous methods let you define an name and sex. Kittens can be only female
nameless method called by a delegate Less and tomcats can be only male. Each animal
coding Improved code readability. produce a sound. Create arrays of
50Using Delegates: Standard Way. class different kinds of animals and calculate
SomeClass { delegate void the average age of each kind of animal
SomeDelegate(string str); public void using static methods. Create static method
InvokeMethod() { SomeDelegate dlg = new in the animal class that identifies the
SomeDelegate(SomeMethod); animal by its sound. 91.
dlg("Hello"); } void 92? ? Questions? ? Object-Oriented
SomeMethod(string str) { Programming with C#. ?
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«Перевод Complex Object» - Основные различия семантики инфинитива и ing-формы в Complex Object. Ко мне приближался какой-то слепой, но я вовремя заметил его. Свертка до номинализации (разной степени). Я увидел, что ко мне приблизился какой-то слепой. Far away he heard her sobbing (Woolf) - Далеко-далеко он слышал ее плач (Вульф).

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«Написание письма на английском» - Как написать письмо. Оформление. Открытка. Личное письмо. План первой половины. Прочитайте отрывок из письма. Восклицательный знак. Отрывок из письма. Правила и советы. Варианты подписи. Задание. Наличие орфографических или грамматических ошибок. Варианты обращения. Почтовая открытка. Стратегии написания открытки.

«Деловое письмо на английском» - Четырьмя строчками ниже ставится ФИО и должность, а в полученном промежутке – подпись. В ответ на такое письмо отправляется письмо ответ. Форматирование абзацев – без использования отступа первой строки. Но поставщик должен обеспечивать дружеские, поддерживающие отношения и в начале переписки, и в дальнейшем.

«Грамматика английского языка» - Грамматика английского языка. Grammar and Vocabulary for First Certificate. Question tags. Determiners. Link words or phrases: purpose and reason. Present Continuous, be going to, Present Simple. Phrases of agreement Conditionals. Essential Grammar in Use Elementary. Future Continuous and Future Perfect.

Английская грамматика

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