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Perspective and Printing Press - The First Information Revolutions
содержание презентации «Perspective and Printing Press - The First Information Revolutions.ppt»| Сл | Текст | Сл | Текст |
| 1 | Perspective and Printing Press - The | 14 | A Double Language. Rural and |
| First Information Revolutions. Printing. | small-town occupation names are often | ||
| 2 | Language: The First Information | English, more urban or technical ones | |
| Technology. English One Two Three Four | French: Baker Carpenter Miller Painter | ||
| Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten. German Eins | Weaver Mason. | ||
| Zwei Drei Vier Funf Sechs Sieben Acht Neun | 15 | A Double Language. French government | |
| Zehn. Latin Unus Duo Tres Quattuor Quinque | terms reflect a more complex society than | ||
| Sex Septem Octo Novem Decem. Greek Ena Dio | Anglo-Saxon terms King Governor Queen | ||
| Tria Tessera Pente Hexa Hepta Okto Ennea | Parliament. | ||
| Deka. Russian Odin Dva Tri Chetyre Pyat | 16 | A Double Language. The English grew | |
| Shest Sem Vosem Dyevyat Dyesyat. Kurdish | it, the French cooked it Sheep Mutton Cow | ||
| Eg Du Shay Char Pench Shash Haysh Heft Na | Beef Deer Venison Of course, many cooking | ||
| Da. | terms are French: Fry, Broil. | ||
| 3 | Language Families. English One Two | 17 | Prerequisites for Printing. Paper! |
| Three Four Five Six Seven Eight Nine Ten. | Cheap, abundant, smooth and absorbent. Far | ||
| Kurdish Eg Du Shay Char Pench Shash Haysh | better for printing than papyrus or | ||
| Heft Na Da. Arabic Wahid Ithnain Thalatha | vellum. Means of printing impressions. | ||
| Arba’a Khamsa Sitta Saba Thamanya Tisa | Chinese wood-block printing. Wood block | ||
| Ashra. Turkish Bir Iki Uc Dort Bes Alti | used in Europe in 14th century for | ||
| Yedi Sekiz Dokuz On. | religious pictures and cards. Laurenz | ||
| 4 | The Indo-European Languages. Germanic | Janzoon (1420-30) used blocks for | |
| English, German, Dutch, Scandinavian | individual letters. Press adapted from | ||
| Romance (From Latin) French, Spanish, | wine-making, book-binding, paper-making. | ||
| Italian, Portuguese, Romanian Slavic | 18 | Advent of movable type. Metal type | |
| Russian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian | used ca. 1430 in Holland to stamp copper | ||
| Others: Hellenic, Iranian, Indian, etc. | plates. Lead poured on to copper to make | ||
| 5 | Tracking Language Evolution. | printing face Gutenberg ca. 1450 used dies | |
| Historical Documents Words resistant to | as masters to cast copies of letters. | ||
| borrowing (small numbers, self, mother, | Early type letters Pb-Sn (for corrosion | ||
| sun, etc.) Patterns of Sound Change | resistance) - Sb (for hardness). Basically | ||
| Grammatical Structures Genetics Search for | modern composition. Type metal is one of | ||
| the Proto-Language. | the oldest unchanged industrial materials. | ||
| 6 | A Modern Idea? Alfa Hotel Oscar Victor | 19 | The Spread of Printing. By 1480, there |
| Bravo India Papa Whiskey Charlie Juliet | were printing presses in 110 towns. Ten | ||
| Quebec X-Ray Delta Kilo Romeo Yankee Echo | million books in print by 1500. Aldus | ||
| Lima Sierra Zulu Foxtrot Mike Tango Golf | Manutius of Venice (d. 1515). First cheap | ||
| November Uniform. | mass-market books. William Caxton, 1476, | ||
| 7 | The Oldest Idea in the Book. In a | first press in England. | |
| pre-literate world, the best way to learn | 20 | The Great Vowel Shift. Almost all | |
| the alphabet is to use words as mnemonics, | English “long” vowels are diphthongs or | ||
| not meaningless syllables. Hebrew 1000 | blends of vowel sounds “a” in “bay” = a + | ||
| B.C. Aleph - Ox Beth - House Gimel - Camel | i as in “bait” “i” as in “bite” = e + i as | ||
| Daleth - Door. Old Slavic 1000 A.D. Az (I) | in “height” “o” as in “go” = o + u as in | ||
| Buki (Beech Tree) Vedi (Know) Glagol | “though” We also dropped or changed | ||
| (Word) Dobro (Good). | guttural “gh”: cough, through, light, | ||
| 8 | How We Got English. Pre-Roman Britain | sight. | |
| was Celtic Only a few place names are | 21 | Why English Spelling is so Chaotic. | |
| relics (Ben for mountain, glen for valley) | Great Vowel Shift happened just as English | ||
| Romans occupied Britain Castra, military | was first being printed Caxton used the | ||
| camp, survives in Lancaster, Worcester, | spelling system of Chaucer (ca. 1400) | ||
| Manchester Angles and Saxons invaded | Result: English was set into print with an | ||
| starting in the 5th Century Largely wiped | already-obsolete spelling system Also, | ||
| the linguistic slate clean. | English has borrowed from just about every | ||
| 9 | English is a Germanic Language. | other language and preserved their | |
| Closest language is Frisian, spoken by | spelling. | ||
| 300,000 in Holland and Germany Closest | 22 | Effects of printing. Vast increase in | |
| national language to English is Dutch | literacy. Rapid dissemination of ideas. | ||
| About 80% of our small everyday words | Standardization and simplification of | ||
| (day, word, father, mother, sun, moon) are | spelling. (& from Latin et and % from | ||
| Germanic Sometimes the relationship is | p/c are relics of pre-printing days) | ||
| hard to see: Vogel isn’t much like bird | Stimulus toward accuracy. | ||
| but very similar to fowl. | 23 | Change in our concept of | |
| 10 | Word Endings. The Dog Bites the Man is | "fact" Before printing, | |
| not the same as The Man Bites the Dog | documents were suspect as too easily | ||
| -but- Der Hund beisst den Mann means | forged. Eyewitnesses and personal | ||
| exactly the same as Den Mann beisst der | testimony were considered more reliable. | ||
| Hund. | Printing made documents more authoritative | ||
| 11 | Dropping the Endings. Languages that | than personal testimony. Hard to fake | |
| use word endings for meaning are called | printed documents. Before printing, people | ||
| inflected England was partly occupied by | relied on memory to store facts. Printing | ||
| the Vikings beginning in 865 A.D. Vikings | changed the concept of "fact" to | ||
| and Anglo-Saxons spoke Germanic languages | "printed fact"; "show me in | ||
| but differed in word endings We just | black and white.” Electronic forgery: we | ||
| dropped the word endings (except for | have come full circle from pre-printing | ||
| plural s, possessive ‘s, and a few | days. | ||
| others). | 24 | The printed image. Wood-cut along with | |
| 12 | The French Influence. In 911 the King | type. Itaglio-engraved metal. Copper | |
| of France gave part of France to a Viking | plates with engraved lines did for | ||
| chief in return for protection This | pictures what type did for text. | ||
| region, settled by the “Norsemen,” came to | Lithography. Zinc plate, 1868. | ||
| be called Normandy In 1066, William of | Photography-halftone method. Xerography, | ||
| Normandy (a Viking descendant) defeated | computer graphics, etc. | ||
| Harold (also a Viking descendant) and | 25 | Printing, Culture, and Control. | |
| conquered England By this time, the | Europe: mass literature China: official | ||
| Normans spoke French. | documents, validation Islamic World: | ||
| 13 | A Double Language. More earthy terms | suppressed until 19th century Modern | |
| tend to be Anglo-Saxon, more abstract | corporate and government attempts to | ||
| synonyms French: Friendship Amity Freedom | control Internet, copyrights, etc. | ||
| Liberty Love Affection. | |||
| Perspective and Printing Press - The First Information Revolutions.ppt | |||
Perspective and Printing Press - The First Information Revolutions
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