SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY - THE ROLE OF ST INDICATORS |
Тексты на английском | ||
<< Environmental Issues Affecting the Pantanal: How to Solve Them | The Role of Public Policy in Protecting Children from Violence >> |
![]() V. CATEGORISATION OF INDICATORS USED FOR EU POLICY |
Автор: GCS. Чтобы познакомиться с картинкой полного размера, нажмите на её эскиз. Чтобы можно было использовать все картинки для урока английского языка, скачайте бесплатно презентацию «SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY - THE ROLE OF ST INDICATORS.ppt» со всеми картинками в zip-архиве размером 219 КБ.
Сл | Текст | Сл | Текст |
1 | SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY - THE | 13 | Science and Technology Indicators (STI). |
ROLE OF S&T INDICATORS. Nabiel Saleh | 14 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS | |
National Research Centre Cairo – Egypt | (STI). Scientific and technological | ||
Cairo – Egypt 28-30 September 2009. | activities in most LDCs have not arisen | ||
2 | SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY - THE | from an organic relationship with economic | |
ROLE OF S&T INDICATORS. CONTENTS I- | and social processes. Thus, the main goal | ||
GLOBAL BACKGROUND II- SCIENCE AND | of the new policies must be to overcome | ||
TECHNOLOGY POLICY (STP) III- SCIENCE AND | division and to be ‘connected’. | ||
TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS (STI) IV- STI: | 15 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS | |
SETTING PRIORITIES V- CATEGORISATION OF | (STI). Any effort to formulate and use STI | ||
INDICATORS USED FOR EU POLICY VI- | must take into account that lack of | ||
CONCLUSIONS. | articulation and other limitations such as | ||
3 | I. GLOBAL BACKGROUND. • One of the | week links between R&D institutions | |
main causes of the rapid, profound and | and the higher education system on the one | ||
generalized changes that humanity has | hand, and the productive sector on the | ||
experienced in the last three decades is | other will frequently lead to decreasing | ||
the closer and organic relationship | academic excellence levels and scarce | ||
between scientific development, | availability of reliable information. | ||
technological improvements and their | 16 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS | |
application in the production, | (STI). - Given the current limitations, | ||
distribution and consumption of goods and | can we appropriately measure scientific | ||
services. | and technological activities in LDCs ? - | ||
4 | I. GLOBAL BACKGROUND. • In the world | Under what theoretical and methodological | |
economy there is a globalization of | assumptions should the measurement be | ||
markets, characterized by an increasing | made, so that they can be used as a policy | ||
competition which leads to look for new | and management instrument ? - How should | ||
technologies based on scientific | the contribution of scientific and | ||
knowledge. The incorporation of these | technological activities to economic and | ||
technologies to the production system | social development and to production be | ||
allows to reduce costs, improve quality, | measured? | ||
save energy and scarce raw materials as | 17 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS | |
well as to increase the productivity of | (STI). - How much money should be invested | ||
the labour force. | in science and technology? and in what ? - | ||
5 | I. GLOBAL BACKGROUND. • In the last | How to know the capacity of response of | |
decade the international economy has | science and technology vis-?-vis the | ||
experienced structural changes derived | demand, and how to evaluate its possible | ||
from, inter alia, strong waves of | contribution to the fulfilment of | ||
technological innovation as well as | society’s basic and productive needs ? - | ||
organizational and institutional changes. | What type of indicators should be used | ||
The most dynamic sectors of economy are | regarding scientific and technological | ||
not the traditional ones any more (steel, | activities (STA) in LDCs : - STA input | ||
cement, basic chemistry etc.), but the | indicators - STA output indicators - STA | ||
high-technology ones (knowledge | innovation indicators - STA social impact | ||
intensive). The current processes of | indicators. | ||
industrial restructuring and of changes in | 18 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS | |
technological patterns revolve around the | (STI). The basic characteristics of | ||
information industries (microelectronics | traditional approaches are: a- The purpose | ||
and telecommunications), and increasingly, | of simultaneously establishing a national | ||
biotechnology. | system of S&T Indicators. b- In | ||
6 | II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY | keeping with international standards, a | |
(STP). General 1. It is evident that such | set of statistics and indicators should be | ||
features impose the need to formulate | set up. c- Methodologies applied | ||
Science, Technology and Innovation Policy | internationally (UIS) should be followed. | ||
(STIP) which is much more linked to the | d- Measurable statistics and indicators | ||
rest of public policies than in the past. | should refer to: - R&D activities, - | ||
Policy loses some of the rhetorical | S&T inputs, measured in terms of human | ||
contents it used to have and becomes more | and financial resources, and - Innovation | ||
practical. | activities. | ||
7 | II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY | 19 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS |
(STP). 2. It could be argued that in the | (STI). Indicators based on the experience | ||
past 30-40 years there has been a | of industrialized countries may not help | ||
fundamental change concerning the | LDCs to define national or sectoral | ||
strategies and mechanisms for the | S&T objectives, determine and organize | ||
institutionalisation of S&T in many | scientific and technological activities, | ||
LDCs. This is expressed at three levels: | promote technological innovation | ||
policies and strategies , institutional | processes, or define the most important | ||
and legal mechanisms, and globalisation | areas for human development. It seems fair | ||
and regional integration. | to recognize that, in spite of the | ||
8 | II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY | above-mentioned limitations, standard | |
(STP). Changes and trends in policies and | methodologies have been used by LDCs to | ||
strategies 1. From the restricted autonomy | analyze or justify the planning, financing | ||
‘Science and technology policy’ to the | and management of S&T activities. | ||
modernization ‘Innovation policy’. The | However, there is an urgent need to | ||
State has practically abandoned the | increase our body of knowledge concerning | ||
pretension of an endogenous scientific and | activities and processes of scientific and | ||
technological development, of relative | technological development. | ||
autonomy, and has replaced it with a | 20 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS | |
modernization policy of the State. At a | (STI). LDCs need to go beyond conventional | ||
purely formal level an ‘innovation policy’ | input and output indicators and improve | ||
is postulated, although the institutions | the understanding and measurement of their | ||
responsible for implementing it (science | specific scientific and technological | ||
and technology councils, industry and | capacities. They must develop fundamentals | ||
other end users) in general do not have | that reflect, as specifically as possible, | ||
the political weight nor the instruments, | the nature, the distinctive elements, the | ||
and above all, do not have the financial | dynamics and the magnitude of local | ||
resources which would be required to | scientific and technological activities. | ||
implement the said policy. | Analysis and measurement categories must | ||
9 | II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY | reflect the main problems, and the | |
(STP). 2. From the emphasis in R&D | critical gaps of scientific and | ||
supply and social demand to the emphasis | technological development. At the same | ||
in productive market demands | time, this may lead to relevant | ||
(technological research and technical | information systems that contribute in an | ||
services). Slowly, the institutional, | effective way to the analysis of national | ||
academic and researchers’ genuine concern | science and technology problems, to | ||
in dealing with research problems of | decision making and to the allocation of | ||
national, social and environmental | resources. | ||
interest is left behind, replaced by | 21 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS | |
market considerations. Additionally, there | (STI). The first priority should be the | ||
has been the pressure of productivity and | analysis of endogenous scientific research | ||
competitiveness, the ‘dynamic duet’ | projects and the study of local | ||
(always present in the official | technological innovation processes and | ||
discourse), of profitability, of the | technical capabilities. The second | ||
provision of services, and the short-term | priority would be the formulation and use | ||
concerns (in contradiction with the | of indicators based on tangible | ||
long-term horizon of research and | interrelationships and products. | ||
high-level education). | 22 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS | |
10 | II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY | (STI). Some operational strategy issues | |
(STP). 3. From traditional R&D | that could be taken into account: - There | ||
management and the routine assignment of | are no role models for LDC’s. - There is a | ||
resources, to efficient R&D | need to dynamically interact with diverse | ||
management, performance evaluation, and | social systems of knowledge, production | ||
links with productive units. Traditionally | and management. - The development and use | ||
there was no evaluation and accountability | of ‘genuine’ national, relevant, and | ||
mechanisms, which brought about a high | significant indicators - They should | ||
degree of inefficiency and low | actively participate in and contribute to | ||
productivity. Gradually, efficient | the discussion, formulation and | ||
management, evaluation and quality | establishment of international S&T | ||
assurance mechanisms have been introduced, | indicators. | ||
both in R&D centres (and research | 23 | III. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INDICATORS | |
projects) and in Higher Education | (STI). Finally, it is important to bear in | ||
programmes. | mind that what is required is not a | ||
11 | II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY | complex and elaborate system of STI, but a | |
(STP). 4. From the promotional and | compact system that is flexible, and | ||
participative role of the State in R&D | reasonably easy to periodically update | ||
to the illusion of organizing a national | (approximately every 2-3 years). A system | ||
innovation system (NIS). Far from a | that is based on real players, on dynamic | ||
widespread belief, empirical evidence does | institutions, and that efficiently uses | ||
not show the existence and operation of a | the growing opportunities offered by | ||
NIS in LDCs apart from some embryonic | databases and information networks. | ||
signs, it is hard to argue about the | 24 | IV. STI: SETTING PRIORITIES. 1. | |
functioning of a network of institutions, | Science and Technology Statistics and | ||
resources, of interactions and | Indicators for policy, decision-making and | ||
interrelationships, of policy mechanisms | resource-allocation, explicitly including | ||
and instruments and of scientific and | R&D, Higher-Education, S&T | ||
technological activities that promote, | popularisation activities and the gender | ||
co-ordinate and carry out technological | dimension 2. National and international | ||
innovation and diffusion processes in | high quality data collection, | ||
society. | dissemination and access. | ||
12 | II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY | 25 | IV. STI: SETTING PRIORITIES. 3. |
(STP). 5. From the absence of evaluation | Technical capacity building, including | ||
and quality control in Higher Education to | quality assurance methods 4. Analysis and | ||
academic evaluation and accreditation | [sub-regional/regional] prospective | ||
processes. Historically, universities and | studies 5. Identification of areas | ||
research activities have not been | regarding methodological development. | ||
evaluated, and there has been no | 26 | IV. STI: SETTING PRIORITIES. 6. | |
‘evaluation culture’. In recent years an | Establishing/strengthening relationships | ||
evaluation pattern seems to have emerged | with S&T top decision-making | ||
in Higher Education institutions, where a | institutions [national councils for | ||
shift is starting to take place: from | S&T (R&D), R&D organisations | ||
(bureaucratic) planning and programming | and university (R&D)] 7. Strengthening | ||
trends to productivity (performance); from | R&D [public and private], S&T | ||
inputs and processes to outputs and | specialized regional [and international] | ||
results; and from | databases, directories and web-pages 8. | ||
bureaucratic-administrative control to the | STI Institutional capacity building: | ||
evaluation of multiple actors. | developing regional training programmes on | ||
13 | II. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY | S&T indicators. | |
(STP). Conclusion Decision makers require | 27 | V. CATEGORISATION OF INDICATORS USED | |
guidelines that enable to assess results | FOR EU POLICY. | ||
and effectiveness of the adopted policies. | 28 | VI. CONCLUSIONS. Establishment of | |
If management of and programmes are to be | S&T Statistics and Indicators | ||
efficient, there needs to be indicators | Establishment of National S&T | ||
that show the available resources, the | Policy/Strategies AN EFFECTIVE & | ||
processes involved and the results | VIABLE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. | ||
obtained. Hence focusing attention on | 29 | THANK YOU. | |
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY - THE ROLE OF ST INDICATORS.ppt |
«The english-speaking countries» - USA. Disneyland. Scotland. Australia. Great Britain. The English-speaking countries.
«Женщина the woman» - A woman’s tongue wags like a lamb’s tail. « Der mann»- нем. Наименование молодой девушки в современном английском языке. Баба слезами беде помогает. 9 семантических подгрупп, характеризующих женщин по: The wife is the key to the house. Холостому помогай боже, а женатому хозяйка поможет. Бабий язык, куда ни завались, достанет.
«The green movement» - National offices Green Peace are opened in 43 countries of the world as the independent units working over achievement of the purposes of the national projects. Green color which is used by participants of movement as the general emblem, serves as a symbol of the nature, hope and updating. Their features.
«The animals» - BISON. PARROT. GORILLA. PENGUIN. EMU. The animals which live in the desert. The animals which live in the polar regions. KOALA. LION. TIGER. KANGAROO. BOBCAT. SNAKE. The animals which live in the OCEAN. ELEPHANT. WHALE. FOX. ZEBRA. BEAR. SEAL. REINDEER. HIPPO. SQUIRREL. SCORPIO. The animals which live in the forest.
«Painting» - Sunny Day, 1876. The golden Plyos. Water lilies 1895. A Rye Field. Ivan Konstantino- vich Aivazovsky. Another beautiful canvas of Levitan is "The golden Plyos". March. View of Tiflis. But we can feel something strange, which makes us happier. It has peaceful and harmonic coloring. Over Eternal Peace, 1894.
«Healthy lifestyle» - Sign your child up for activities that keep them active! volleyball. Basketball, Gymnastics. football. Ways to exercise(способы тренироваться). To be healthy you are to know some tips: Попытайтесь развить положительные чувства. Living a Healthy Lifestyle. (Ведение здорового образа жизни.). To take drugs (принимать наркотики).