World War II and the Collapse of Europe |
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1 | World War II and the Collapse of | 32 | and the U.S., having broken German radio |
Europe. 11/24/2015. 1. | codes, knew about these activities, which | ||
2 | Mass Executions. Before the war began | remained unknown in the press. 11/24/2015. | |
in 1939, mental patients in Germany had | 32. | ||
been killed on Hitler’s orders by lethal | 33 | Death Camps. In 1942, the Nazis | |
injections (to save their food for war | employed their knowledge of poison gas to | ||
needs). Deaths by gas experiments had also | speed up the murder of some 5 million Jews | ||
been undertaken. 11/24/2015. 2. | in special death camps, like Auschwitz | ||
3 | Katyn. The world would not learn until | (entrance to the Auschwitz camp still | |
1942 that Russian secret police had | exists at the memorial site in Poland). | ||
murdered thousands of Polish officers in | U.S. and British code breakers also knew | ||
their part of Poland – and buried the | about the activities in these camps. | ||
bodies in a Polish forest. World War II | 11/24/2015. 33. | ||
would violate the “rules” repeatedly. | 34 | And the War Came for America. | |
11/24/2015. 3. | 11/24/2015. 34. | ||
4 | “Sitzkreig”. Although France briefly | 35 | Global War. Where should the U.S. use |
attacked German lines in the Saar, and the | its military power? 11/24/2015. 35. | ||
British sent bombers over Germany, the war | 36 | Purpose of the War? In a mid-ocean | |
after Poland collapsed was quiet. German | meeting, Roosevelt and Churchill had | ||
submarines attacked British ships but the | agreed that Germany should be the major | ||
German armies did little but defend the | focus of US and British military effort | ||
border with France. Soon, the was called a | (which angered Americans who wanted | ||
“sitting war” in Berlin, while the British | revenge for Pearl Harbor). Roosevelt also | ||
made jokes about a “Bore War.” Hitler made | persuaded Churchill to agree to the | ||
overtures for peace talks but the Allies | Atlantic Charter – a vague commitment to a | ||
rejected them. 11/24/2015. 4. | better postwar world. Churchill feared | ||
5 | Stalin strikes. In December 1939, | this meant the end of the British empire, | |
Stalin demands territory in Finland and | but could only finish the war with US aid. | ||
attacks when Finland refuses to comply. | 11/24/2015. 36. | ||
This “winter war” ends in a Russian | 37 | Different Agendas for Victory. To | |
victory but at great cost to Stalin’s | Roosevelt the Atlantic Charter meant a | ||
armies. Hitler concludes that Russia would | reduction of the British Empire. To | ||
be easy to defeat. 11/24/2015. 5. | Churchill, victory in the war meant | ||
6 | Norway and Denmark. In April 1940, the | preservation of the British empire. | |
German armies struck quickly, marching | Neither Roosevelt nor Churchill completely | ||
into Denmark and launching a paratroop/sea | trusted Stalin. But Roosevelt thought | ||
invasion of Norway. British delays in | Stalin could be persuaded to co-operate. | ||
responding and errors made in landing a | Churchill doubted this. Could Roosevelt | ||
few thousand men near Narvik led to a | succeed where Woodrow Wilson had failed? | ||
crisis in Parliament – Prime Minister | 11/24/2015. 37. | ||
Chamberlain was forced to resign. Winston | 38 | Different Strategies. Direct invasion | |
Churchill was made Prime Minister. | (U.S.) vs. peripheral attacks (British). | ||
11/24/2015. 6. | 11/24/2015. 38. | ||
7 | German U-boats. But German “untersee” | 39 | The Second Front. Russia began |
boats were sinking one of every three tons | demanding a “second front” from Britain in | ||
of goods that Britain bought. 11/24/2015. | 1942. But France was not invaded until | ||
7. | 1944. Stalin accused Churchill and | ||
8 | Isolationism. Neutrality Laws in | Roosevelt of waiting until Russia and | |
1935-1936 Restrict American business with | Germany had “bled one another white.”. | ||
nations at war and prevet American | “What news from the second front” – In | ||
citizens from being endangered. But U.S. | British newspaper, July 1942. 11/24/2015. | ||
journalists begin covering the war and | 39. | ||
their stories have an impact on how | 40 | “Unconditional Surrender”. After the | |
Americans regard the situation. Refugees | U.S. Army fought German troops in North | ||
from Europe also affect how Americans | Africa, Roosevelt surprised everyone when | ||
think about Europe. 11/24/2015. 8. | he said that only the “unconditional | ||
9 | Cash and Carry. FDR persuaded Congress | surrender” of Germany, Italy and Japan | |
to modify the Neutrality Laws so Britain | would end the war. He may have said this | ||
could buy weapons for cash and carry them | to reassure Stalin. Britain, receiving | ||
away on their own ships. 11/24/2015. 9. | enormous aid from America, had to go along | ||
10 | Enigma and Ultra. Mathematicians and | with the idea of not accepting a | |
engineers fought to protect and break one | negotiated peace. Churchill suspected the | ||
another's’ codes in war that produced the | US could use a long war to seize British | ||
first steps to modern computers. | markets. 11/24/2015. 40. | ||
11/24/2015. 10. | 41 | Battle for Mediterranean bases. | |
11 | Defeat in France. In May-June, 1940, | Despite Stalin’s complaints, Britain won | |
the German armies defeated France in 6 | over the U.S. to again postpone the | ||
weeks and forced the British to evacuate | invasion of France and fight in Italy in | ||
their troops from Belgium. The U.S. feared | 1943. It was later charged that Britain | ||
Britain would quickly sign a treaty that | was trying to prevent Russian advances | ||
would give Hitler control of Europe. | into eastern Europe (Greece and | ||
11/24/2015. 11. | Yugoslavia). The Allies allowed Italy to | ||
12 | France Occupied. 11/24/2015. 12. | surrender with conditions- and join their | |
13 | As France collapsed, Roosevelt offered | side. 11/24/2015. 41. | |
Britain a chance to shelter its navy in | 42 | Mountain combat. Italy’s conditions | |
American ports. The defeat of France | for combat were more like those of the | ||
shocked Congress into vastly increasing | Great War in 1917. Here only mules could | ||
spending on defense. 11/24/2015. 13. US | haul supplies into the mountains – or | ||
Aid. | carry the wounded out. 11/24/2015. 42. | ||
14 | Britain Alone. France, having promised | 43 | Twilight War. Anti-German partisans, |
to make no separate peace, not only signed | supported by British weapons, carried out | ||
a separate peace but also returned to | numerous raids – one, in Norway, helped | ||
Germany 400 captured German airmen, who | derail German nuclear research. But the | ||
could now be used to attack Great Britain. | Germans struck back brutally. 11/24/2015. | ||
11/24/2015. 14. | 43. | ||
15 | Air Assault on Britain. German air | 44 | Lidice. When Czech partisans – trained |
attacks in British air bases in | in Britain, assassinated Reinhardt | ||
August-September 1940 did heavy damage but | Heydrich, SS troops destroyed the Czech | ||
failed to open the English Channel for a | village of Lidice, killing all males over | ||
German landing. 11/24/2015. 15. | age 10, deporting all the women to | ||
16 | British Determination. Churchill’s | concentration camps. 11/24/2015. 44. | |
willingness to destroy French ships at | 45 | Poison Gas. Both sides in Europe had | |
Oran convinced Roosevelt that Britain | maintained large dumps of poison gas, with | ||
meant to continue the war. 11/24/2015. 16. | neither side using them for fear of | ||
17 | Siege. Although the threat of invasion | retaliation. After the German surrender in | |
was passing by October 1940, Britain’s had | May 1945, a large part of the Allies | ||
to endure nightly bombings and rationing, | stockpile was dumped in the North Sea. | ||
and take part in the National Service Act. | 11/24/2015. 45. | ||
11/24/2015. 17. | 46 | Stalingrad. 1943 -- The loss of over | |
18 | Shortages. British rationing was among | 200,000 veteran troops in a failed attempt | |
the strictest in the war – with cloth, | to seize Stalingrad crippled the German | ||
food, gasoline, fuel oil, shoes, paper, | army. Germany will attack only rarely | ||
rubber (tires), and even soap and metals | after this disaster. 11/24/2015. 46. | ||
for dental fillings tightly controlled. | 47 | British War in the Air. Unable to | |
Middle- and working-class Britons | sustain losses in daytime bombing, the | ||
complained that their wealthier neighbors | British relied on night attacks against | ||
continued to find ways to get “more and | German cities. This resulted in about | ||
better” commodities. 11/24/2015. 18. | 800,000 civilian deaths in Germany. | ||
19 | Action at Dakar. In September 1940, | 11/24/2015. 47. | |
the “Free French” forces of Charles de | 48 | Bombing Germany. At Dresden, March | |
Gaulle, with aid from the British navy, | 1945, 35,000 died in one raid by British | ||
tried to seize the French colony of Dakar | bombers. American bombers struck the same | ||
in west Africa. The attempt failed. | city a day later, in a raid that author | ||
11/24/2015. 19. | Kurt Vonnegut later described as “a storm | ||
20 | Destroyer Deal. Despite British | of fire.”. 11/24/2015. 48. | |
failures, Roosevelt in September 1940 | 49 | US War in the Air. The American air | |
‘traded’ 50 older destroyers to Britain in | force believed Germany could be forced to | ||
return for 99-year leases of bases in the | surrender by bombing German industry. Of | ||
Caribbean and Canada. 11/24/2015. 20. | the 78,000 American “M.I.A.s” of WWII, 85% | ||
21 | North Africa. Italy tried to seize | are air force fliers. 11/24/2015. 49. | |
additional lands in North Africa but lost | 50 | The U-boat menace. Until German | |
over 100,000 men to the more mobile | submarine damage could be reduced, an | ||
British forces. Imperial War Museum | invasion of Europe was not possible. In | ||
photograph. 11/24/2015. 21. | 1943, Britain was in danger of starvation. | ||
22 | Barbarossa. Hitler’s plan for | 11/24/2015. 50. | |
defeating Russia In May-June 1941 was | 51 | Small aircraft carriers and improved | |
based on the expectation that Stalin’s | tactics against U-boats turned the | ||
armies would collapse in 8-10 weeks. His | Atlantic into an “Allied ocean” before | ||
best generals were skeptical, but he | 1944. 11/24/2015. 51. | ||
insisted the Soviet Union would fall like | 52 | D-Day, 1944. 11/24/2015. 52. | |
a “rotten house.”. 11/24/2015. 22. | 53 | Breakout. After six weeks of hard | |
23 | Genocide. The Nazi plan was to occupy | combat, British and American forces | |
the western part of Russia as far as the | pierced German defenses and raced across | ||
Ural mountains, allow much of the Russian | France. 11/24/2015. 53. | ||
population to starve and use the remainder | 54 | Vengeance. As German forces retreated | |
as slave labor. “We shoot villagers on the | in France, Hitler used his progress in | ||
slightest excuse. Just stick them up | rocket technology to launch his | ||
against a wall. We order the whole village | Vergeltungswaffen (retaliation weapons) on | ||
out to watch. It’s a vicious circle. We | London. From 1940-45, over a million homes | ||
hate them and they hate us, and on and on | in Britain were damaged by bombs and | ||
it goes, everyone getting more inhuman.” | rockets. 20,000 London citizens died in | ||
From a German soldier’s diary. 11/24/2015. | the war. 11/24/2015. 54. | ||
23. | 55 | Warsaw in ruins. In August 1944, as | |
24 | Greece. Italy’s failures in North | the Red Army approached, Polish | |
Africa and Greece forced the Germans to | “liberation forces” rose up against the | ||
intervene, seizing Yugoslavia, Greece and | German occupation forces – but Stalin | ||
Crete in another “lightning” campaign. | halted his troops and let the German army | ||
This action threatened the British hold on | destroy Warsaw. In 1945 Stalin installed a | ||
Egypt and Suez (its link to India). But | communist government in Poland. | ||
Hitler had to postpone the attack on | 11/24/2015. 55. | ||
Russia until late June. 11/24/2015. 24. | 56 | Stalin moves west. Despite Hitler’s | |
25 | The Draft. In 1940, Congress approved | commitment of his heaviest armor in the | |
the first peace-time draft in American | east, Russian forces shattered German | ||
experience. The draftees (21 or older) | forces in the summer of 1944 and closed in | ||
were chosen by lottery and were to serve | on Poland. 11/24/2015. 56. | ||
for one year. 11/24/2015. 25. | 57 | Fading moments of ‘friendship”. | |
26 | Guardsmen Called Up. In the fall of | 11/24/2015. 57. | |
1941, the draft was extended, keeping | 58 | End in Europe. The war ended in Europe | |
those from 1940 in the service. National | in May 1945, after the Russian armies | ||
Guard units were also called up for | captured Berlin and Hitler committed | ||
training with the U.S. Army. This included | suicide. 11/24/2015. 58. | ||
Minnesota and North Dakota guard units. | 59 | Cities in Europe were in such ruin | |
People were expecting war. 11/24/2015. 26. | that it took years to find all the dead | ||
27 | Lend-Lease. 11/24/2015. 27. | buried under the rubble. An estimated | |
28 | Russia Invaded. When the Germans | 30-40 million European civilians died in | |
invaded Russia in June 1941, the surprised | the war, from battle, extermination, | ||
Russian soldiers were mauled, losing over | disease, and famine. 11/24/2015. 59. | ||
4 million men in six months. But they held | 60 | Island Hopping. To win the Pacific | |
on until winter stopped the German forces | War, the United States had to build the | ||
west of Moscow About 8 of every 10 German | largest fleet in history and move from | ||
soldiers who were killed in the war died | island to island, building air bases as | ||
in battle against the Russians. | they approached Japan. 11/24/2015. 60. | ||
11/24/2015. 28. | 61 | End of Japanese Navy. Total | |
29 | Full Mobilization. Russia employed | destruction of Japan’s navy by April 1945 | |
more women in the military and war | opened the home islands to endless | ||
industry than any other European nation, | bombing. 11/24/2015. 61. | ||
and managed to move many machine tools to | 62 | End in the Pacific. Atomic bombs | |
eastern communities beyond German air | dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in | ||
range – but food shortages were acute and | August 1945, forced Japan to surrender | ||
there was starvation in parts of the | (but only on the condition that the | ||
nation. 11/24/2015. 29. | Japanese emperor remain on the thrown). | ||
30 | City of Death. Leningrad (formerly St | 11/24/2015. 62. | |
Petersburg) was under siege for 872 days, | 63 | 11/24/2015. 63. | |
during which time 1.5 million died and | 64 | Postwar Europe and American | |
over forty percent of the city was | Leadership. U.S. was the guiding force in | ||
destroyed, 11/24/2015. 30. | creating the United Nations. US played | ||
31 | Russian losses. Russian losses in the | major part in occupying Germany from | |
war exceeded 25 million, with young | 1945-50. US “Marshall Plan” provides | ||
Russians dying at such a high rate that | billions of dollars to restore European | ||
population in the Soviet Union declined | economy (eastern Europe does not | ||
into the 1960s. 11/24/2015. 31. | participate). US creates NATO to counter | ||
32 | Einsatzgruppen. Einsatzgruppen | Soviet military power. US leads in the | |
(“special action squads) murdered over 1 | creation of West German Republic. US | ||
million Jews, communist party members and | “containment” policy is the key strategy | ||
other “undesirables” in Russia from the | in the Cold War (1947-92). 11/24/2015. 64. | ||
summer of 1941 until early 1942. Britain | |||
World War II and the Collapse of Europe.ppt |
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