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World War II and the Collapse of Europe
World War II and the Collapse of Europe		 Mass Executions
Mass Executions		 Katyn
Katyn		 “Sitzkreig”
“Sitzkreig”		 Stalin strikes
Stalin strikes
Norway and Denmark
Norway and Denmark		 German U-boats
German U-boats
Cash and Carry
Cash and Carry		 Enigma and Ultra
Enigma and Ultra		 Enigma and Ultra
Enigma and Ultra		 Defeat in France
Defeat in France		 France Occupied
France Occupied
As France collapsed, Roosevelt offered Britain a chance to shelter its
As France collapsed, Roosevelt offered Britain a chance to shelter its		 Britain Alone
Britain Alone		 Air Assault on Britain
Air Assault on Britain		 British Determination
British Determination		 Siege
Siege
Shortages
Shortages		 Action at Dakar
Action at Dakar		 Destroyer Deal
Destroyer Deal		 North Africa
North Africa		 Barbarossa
Barbarossa
Genocide
Genocide		 Greece
Greece		 The Draft
The Draft		 Guardsmen Called Up
Guardsmen Called Up		 Lend-Lease
Lend-Lease
Russia Invaded
Russia Invaded		 Full Mobilization
Full Mobilization		 City of Death
City of Death		 Russian losses
Russian losses		 Einsatzgruppen
Einsatzgruppen
Death Camps
Death Camps		 And the War Came for America
And the War Came for America		 Global War
Global War		 Purpose of the War
Purpose of the War		 Different Strategies
Different Strategies
The Second Front
The Second Front		 “Unconditional Surrender”
“Unconditional Surrender”		 Battle for Mediterranean bases
Battle for Mediterranean bases		 Mountain combat
Mountain combat		 Twilight War
Twilight War
Lidice
Lidice		 Poison Gas
Poison Gas		 Stalingrad
Stalingrad		 British War in the Air
British War in the Air		 Bombing Germany
Bombing Germany
US War in the Air
US War in the Air		 The U-boat menace
The U-boat menace		 Small aircraft carriers and improved tactics against U-boats turned
Small aircraft carriers and improved tactics against U-boats turned		 D-Day, 1944
D-Day, 1944		 Breakout
Breakout
Vengeance
Vengeance		 Warsaw in ruins
Warsaw in ruins		 Stalin moves west
Stalin moves west		 Fading moments of ‘friendship”
Fading moments of ‘friendship”		 End in Europe
End in Europe
Cities in Europe were in such ruin that it took years to find all the
Cities in Europe were in such ruin that it took years to find all the		 Island Hopping
Island Hopping		 End of Japanese Navy
End of Japanese Navy		 End in the Pacific
End in the Pacific		 End in the Pacific
End in the Pacific
11/24/2015
11/24/2015
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World War II and the Collapse of Europe

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1World War II and the Collapse of 32and the U.S., having broken German radio
Europe. 11/24/2015. 1. codes, knew about these activities, which
2Mass Executions. Before the war began remained unknown in the press. 11/24/2015.
in 1939, mental patients in Germany had 32.
been killed on Hitler’s orders by lethal 33Death Camps. In 1942, the Nazis
injections (to save their food for war employed their knowledge of poison gas to
needs). Deaths by gas experiments had also speed up the murder of some 5 million Jews
been undertaken. 11/24/2015. 2. in special death camps, like Auschwitz
3Katyn. The world would not learn until (entrance to the Auschwitz camp still
1942 that Russian secret police had exists at the memorial site in Poland).
murdered thousands of Polish officers in U.S. and British code breakers also knew
their part of Poland – and buried the about the activities in these camps.
bodies in a Polish forest. World War II 11/24/2015. 33.
would violate the “rules” repeatedly. 34And the War Came for America.
11/24/2015. 3. 11/24/2015. 34.
4“Sitzkreig”. Although France briefly 35Global War. Where should the U.S. use
attacked German lines in the Saar, and the its military power? 11/24/2015. 35.
British sent bombers over Germany, the war 36Purpose of the War? In a mid-ocean
after Poland collapsed was quiet. German meeting, Roosevelt and Churchill had
submarines attacked British ships but the agreed that Germany should be the major
German armies did little but defend the focus of US and British military effort
border with France. Soon, the was called a (which angered Americans who wanted
“sitting war” in Berlin, while the British revenge for Pearl Harbor). Roosevelt also
made jokes about a “Bore War.” Hitler made persuaded Churchill to agree to the
overtures for peace talks but the Allies Atlantic Charter – a vague commitment to a
rejected them. 11/24/2015. 4. better postwar world. Churchill feared
5Stalin strikes. In December 1939, this meant the end of the British empire,
Stalin demands territory in Finland and but could only finish the war with US aid.
attacks when Finland refuses to comply. 11/24/2015. 36.
This “winter war” ends in a Russian 37Different Agendas for Victory. To
victory but at great cost to Stalin’s Roosevelt the Atlantic Charter meant a
armies. Hitler concludes that Russia would reduction of the British Empire. To
be easy to defeat. 11/24/2015. 5. Churchill, victory in the war meant
6Norway and Denmark. In April 1940, the preservation of the British empire.
German armies struck quickly, marching Neither Roosevelt nor Churchill completely
into Denmark and launching a paratroop/sea trusted Stalin. But Roosevelt thought
invasion of Norway. British delays in Stalin could be persuaded to co-operate.
responding and errors made in landing a Churchill doubted this. Could Roosevelt
few thousand men near Narvik led to a succeed where Woodrow Wilson had failed?
crisis in Parliament – Prime Minister 11/24/2015. 37.
Chamberlain was forced to resign. Winston 38Different Strategies. Direct invasion
Churchill was made Prime Minister. (U.S.) vs. peripheral attacks (British).
11/24/2015. 6. 11/24/2015. 38.
7German U-boats. But German “untersee” 39The Second Front. Russia began
boats were sinking one of every three tons demanding a “second front” from Britain in
of goods that Britain bought. 11/24/2015. 1942. But France was not invaded until
7. 1944. Stalin accused Churchill and
8Isolationism. Neutrality Laws in Roosevelt of waiting until Russia and
1935-1936 Restrict American business with Germany had “bled one another white.”.
nations at war and prevet American “What news from the second front” – In
citizens from being endangered. But U.S. British newspaper, July 1942. 11/24/2015.
journalists begin covering the war and 39.
their stories have an impact on how 40“Unconditional Surrender”. After the
Americans regard the situation. Refugees U.S. Army fought German troops in North
from Europe also affect how Americans Africa, Roosevelt surprised everyone when
think about Europe. 11/24/2015. 8. he said that only the “unconditional
9Cash and Carry. FDR persuaded Congress surrender” of Germany, Italy and Japan
to modify the Neutrality Laws so Britain would end the war. He may have said this
could buy weapons for cash and carry them to reassure Stalin. Britain, receiving
away on their own ships. 11/24/2015. 9. enormous aid from America, had to go along
10Enigma and Ultra. Mathematicians and with the idea of not accepting a
engineers fought to protect and break one negotiated peace. Churchill suspected the
another's’ codes in war that produced the US could use a long war to seize British
first steps to modern computers. markets. 11/24/2015. 40.
11/24/2015. 10. 41Battle for Mediterranean bases.
11Defeat in France. In May-June, 1940, Despite Stalin’s complaints, Britain won
the German armies defeated France in 6 over the U.S. to again postpone the
weeks and forced the British to evacuate invasion of France and fight in Italy in
their troops from Belgium. The U.S. feared 1943. It was later charged that Britain
Britain would quickly sign a treaty that was trying to prevent Russian advances
would give Hitler control of Europe. into eastern Europe (Greece and
11/24/2015. 11. Yugoslavia). The Allies allowed Italy to
12France Occupied. 11/24/2015. 12. surrender with conditions- and join their
13As France collapsed, Roosevelt offered side. 11/24/2015. 41.
Britain a chance to shelter its navy in 42Mountain combat. Italy’s conditions
American ports. The defeat of France for combat were more like those of the
shocked Congress into vastly increasing Great War in 1917. Here only mules could
spending on defense. 11/24/2015. 13. US haul supplies into the mountains – or
Aid. carry the wounded out. 11/24/2015. 42.
14Britain Alone. France, having promised 43Twilight War. Anti-German partisans,
to make no separate peace, not only signed supported by British weapons, carried out
a separate peace but also returned to numerous raids – one, in Norway, helped
Germany 400 captured German airmen, who derail German nuclear research. But the
could now be used to attack Great Britain. Germans struck back brutally. 11/24/2015.
11/24/2015. 14. 43.
15Air Assault on Britain. German air 44Lidice. When Czech partisans – trained
attacks in British air bases in in Britain, assassinated Reinhardt
August-September 1940 did heavy damage but Heydrich, SS troops destroyed the Czech
failed to open the English Channel for a village of Lidice, killing all males over
German landing. 11/24/2015. 15. age 10, deporting all the women to
16British Determination. Churchill’s concentration camps. 11/24/2015. 44.
willingness to destroy French ships at 45Poison Gas. Both sides in Europe had
Oran convinced Roosevelt that Britain maintained large dumps of poison gas, with
meant to continue the war. 11/24/2015. 16. neither side using them for fear of
17Siege. Although the threat of invasion retaliation. After the German surrender in
was passing by October 1940, Britain’s had May 1945, a large part of the Allies
to endure nightly bombings and rationing, stockpile was dumped in the North Sea.
and take part in the National Service Act. 11/24/2015. 45.
11/24/2015. 17. 46Stalingrad. 1943 -- The loss of over
18Shortages. British rationing was among 200,000 veteran troops in a failed attempt
the strictest in the war – with cloth, to seize Stalingrad crippled the German
food, gasoline, fuel oil, shoes, paper, army. Germany will attack only rarely
rubber (tires), and even soap and metals after this disaster. 11/24/2015. 46.
for dental fillings tightly controlled. 47British War in the Air. Unable to
Middle- and working-class Britons sustain losses in daytime bombing, the
complained that their wealthier neighbors British relied on night attacks against
continued to find ways to get “more and German cities. This resulted in about
better” commodities. 11/24/2015. 18. 800,000 civilian deaths in Germany.
19Action at Dakar. In September 1940, 11/24/2015. 47.
the “Free French” forces of Charles de 48Bombing Germany. At Dresden, March
Gaulle, with aid from the British navy, 1945, 35,000 died in one raid by British
tried to seize the French colony of Dakar bombers. American bombers struck the same
in west Africa. The attempt failed. city a day later, in a raid that author
11/24/2015. 19. Kurt Vonnegut later described as “a storm
20Destroyer Deal. Despite British of fire.”. 11/24/2015. 48.
failures, Roosevelt in September 1940 49US War in the Air. The American air
‘traded’ 50 older destroyers to Britain in force believed Germany could be forced to
return for 99-year leases of bases in the surrender by bombing German industry. Of
Caribbean and Canada. 11/24/2015. 20. the 78,000 American “M.I.A.s” of WWII, 85%
21North Africa. Italy tried to seize are air force fliers. 11/24/2015. 49.
additional lands in North Africa but lost 50The U-boat menace. Until German
over 100,000 men to the more mobile submarine damage could be reduced, an
British forces. Imperial War Museum invasion of Europe was not possible. In
photograph. 11/24/2015. 21. 1943, Britain was in danger of starvation.
22Barbarossa. Hitler’s plan for 11/24/2015. 50.
defeating Russia In May-June 1941 was 51Small aircraft carriers and improved
based on the expectation that Stalin’s tactics against U-boats turned the
armies would collapse in 8-10 weeks. His Atlantic into an “Allied ocean” before
best generals were skeptical, but he 1944. 11/24/2015. 51.
insisted the Soviet Union would fall like 52D-Day, 1944. 11/24/2015. 52.
a “rotten house.”. 11/24/2015. 22. 53Breakout. After six weeks of hard
23Genocide. The Nazi plan was to occupy combat, British and American forces
the western part of Russia as far as the pierced German defenses and raced across
Ural mountains, allow much of the Russian France. 11/24/2015. 53.
population to starve and use the remainder 54Vengeance. As German forces retreated
as slave labor. “We shoot villagers on the in France, Hitler used his progress in
slightest excuse. Just stick them up rocket technology to launch his
against a wall. We order the whole village Vergeltungswaffen (retaliation weapons) on
out to watch. It’s a vicious circle. We London. From 1940-45, over a million homes
hate them and they hate us, and on and on in Britain were damaged by bombs and
it goes, everyone getting more inhuman.” rockets. 20,000 London citizens died in
From a German soldier’s diary. 11/24/2015. the war. 11/24/2015. 54.
23. 55Warsaw in ruins. In August 1944, as
24Greece. Italy’s failures in North the Red Army approached, Polish
Africa and Greece forced the Germans to “liberation forces” rose up against the
intervene, seizing Yugoslavia, Greece and German occupation forces – but Stalin
Crete in another “lightning” campaign. halted his troops and let the German army
This action threatened the British hold on destroy Warsaw. In 1945 Stalin installed a
Egypt and Suez (its link to India). But communist government in Poland.
Hitler had to postpone the attack on 11/24/2015. 55.
Russia until late June. 11/24/2015. 24. 56Stalin moves west. Despite Hitler’s
25The Draft. In 1940, Congress approved commitment of his heaviest armor in the
the first peace-time draft in American east, Russian forces shattered German
experience. The draftees (21 or older) forces in the summer of 1944 and closed in
were chosen by lottery and were to serve on Poland. 11/24/2015. 56.
for one year. 11/24/2015. 25. 57Fading moments of ‘friendship”.
26Guardsmen Called Up. In the fall of 11/24/2015. 57.
1941, the draft was extended, keeping 58End in Europe. The war ended in Europe
those from 1940 in the service. National in May 1945, after the Russian armies
Guard units were also called up for captured Berlin and Hitler committed
training with the U.S. Army. This included suicide. 11/24/2015. 58.
Minnesota and North Dakota guard units. 59Cities in Europe were in such ruin
People were expecting war. 11/24/2015. 26. that it took years to find all the dead
27Lend-Lease. 11/24/2015. 27. buried under the rubble. An estimated
28Russia Invaded. When the Germans 30-40 million European civilians died in
invaded Russia in June 1941, the surprised the war, from battle, extermination,
Russian soldiers were mauled, losing over disease, and famine. 11/24/2015. 59.
4 million men in six months. But they held 60Island Hopping. To win the Pacific
on until winter stopped the German forces War, the United States had to build the
west of Moscow About 8 of every 10 German largest fleet in history and move from
soldiers who were killed in the war died island to island, building air bases as
in battle against the Russians. they approached Japan. 11/24/2015. 60.
11/24/2015. 28. 61End of Japanese Navy. Total
29Full Mobilization. Russia employed destruction of Japan’s navy by April 1945
more women in the military and war opened the home islands to endless
industry than any other European nation, bombing. 11/24/2015. 61.
and managed to move many machine tools to 62End in the Pacific. Atomic bombs
eastern communities beyond German air dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
range – but food shortages were acute and August 1945, forced Japan to surrender
there was starvation in parts of the (but only on the condition that the
nation. 11/24/2015. 29. Japanese emperor remain on the thrown).
30City of Death. Leningrad (formerly St 11/24/2015. 62.
Petersburg) was under siege for 872 days, 6311/24/2015. 63.
during which time 1.5 million died and 64Postwar Europe and American
over forty percent of the city was Leadership. U.S. was the guiding force in
destroyed, 11/24/2015. 30. creating the United Nations. US played
31Russian losses. Russian losses in the major part in occupying Germany from
war exceeded 25 million, with young 1945-50. US “Marshall Plan” provides
Russians dying at such a high rate that billions of dollars to restore European
population in the Soviet Union declined economy (eastern Europe does not
into the 1960s. 11/24/2015. 31. participate). US creates NATO to counter
32Einsatzgruppen. Einsatzgruppen Soviet military power. US leads in the
(“special action squads) murdered over 1 creation of West German Republic. US
million Jews, communist party members and “containment” policy is the key strategy
other “undesirables” in Russia from the in the Cold War (1947-92). 11/24/2015. 64.
summer of 1941 until early 1942. Britain
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